RPL Mobility Support for Point-to-Point Traffic Flows towards Mobile Nodes

Abstract

The "routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks" (RPL) from the IETF ROLL working group is a widely used standard to support routing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Although the RPL protocol was originally designed with static topologies in mind, recently a number of extensions have been proposed to support traffic flows from mobile nodes towards a static gateway. However, this paper demonstrates that these solutions do not support traffic flows going the other direction, for example, from the gateway towards mobile devices. To remedy this, the paper first analyses the problems that prevent reliable traffic flows towards mobile devices when using RPL. Afterwards, a new mechanism to improve downward route updating is proposed. Our new approach minimizes the probability of connectivity loss by ensuring that the internal state of the static network remains consistent. Our solution is implemented and evaluated using both simulation tools and experimental facilities and it is shown that it improves the end-to-end packet delivery ratio to mobile nodes from 20-30% up to 80% while reducing the overall RPL signalling overhead without the use of location information.

Adaptive Downward/Upward Routing Protocol for Mobile-Sensor Networks

“…Otherwise, packets are lost due to outdated path information. Carels et al [7] proposed a new mechanism to improve RPL downward route updating of Nonstoring mode in mobility. Instead of sending a no-path DAO to a mobile parent node, a child node sends a DAO containing no-path information to a static parent node to reach root.…”

Research on Enhancing RPL for Improved Performance in IOT Networks

“…A lot of research has been done to enhance the working of RPL discuss to handle various challenges such as mobility, high traffic, energy consumption and improved security. We have grouped the work done into the following categories based on desired goals: a) Mobility of nodes [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] b) Load balancing under high and uneven traffic conditions [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] c) Energy conservation [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] d) Emergency response [51][52][53][54][55] e) Security [74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]…”

“…In [30], the no path DAO messages used to remove od routes are modified. The authors propose that instead of the mobile node sending the new path DAO to the parent node, their common ancestor is the one that generates and sends it to the old parent.…”

Mobile Crowd Sensing RPL-based Routing Protocol for Smart City

“…This information includes the size of the network, nodes type that can join, sensing types (which sensor to activate), time interval to sense, and other parameters. Although RPL is considered a reliable routing protocol for static WSN, it suffers from mobility support [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] that need to be tackled.The proposed work introduces a clustering mechanism and a logical twodimensional (2D) grid to address the RPL mobility issues.…”