RPN1: a pan-cancer biomarker and disulfidptosis regulator

Abstract

Background Elevated expression of SLC7A11, in conjunction with glucose deprivation, has revealed disulfidptosis as an emerging cell death modality. However, the prevalence of disulfidptosis across tumor cell lines, irrespective of SLC7A11 levels, remains uncertain. Additionally, deletion of the ribophorin I ( RPN1 ) gene imparts resistance to disulfidptosis, yet the precise mechanism linking RPN1 to disulfidptosis remains elusive. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanism of RPN1 -induced disulfidptosis and to determine the possibility of RPN1 as a pan-cancer marker. Methods We hypothesized the widespread occurrence of disulfidptosis in various tumor cells, and proposed that RPN1 -mediated disulfidptosis may be executed through cell skeleton breakdown. Experimental validation was conducted via flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and western blot techniques. Furthermore, given RPN1 ’s status as an emerging cell death marker, we utilized bioinformatics to analyze its expression in tumor tissues, clinical relevance, mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment, and potential for immunotherapy. Results Conducting experiments on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and lung cancer (A549) cell lines under glucose-starved conditions, we found that RPN1 primarily induces cell skeleton breakdown to facilitate disulfidptosis. RPN1 demonstrated robust messenger RNA (mRNA) expression across 16 solid tumors, validated by data from 12 tumor types in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Across 12 cancer types, RPN1 exhibited significant diagnostic potential, particularly excelling in accuracy for glioblastoma (GBM). Elevated RPN1 expression in tumor tissues was found to correlate with improved overall survival (OS) in certain cancers [diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBC) and thymoma (THYM)] but poorer prognosis in others [adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), kidney chromophobe (KICH), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD)]. RPN1 is enriched in immune-related pathways and correlates with immune scores in tumor tissues. In urothelial carcinoma (UCC), RPN1 demonstrates potential in predicting the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune therapy. Conclusions This study underscores RPN1 ’s role in facilitating disulfidptosis, its broad relevance as a pan-cancer biomarker, and its association with the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 immune therapy.