“…Our previous results have pointed out the complexity of the MAP kinase signaling pathway, which is due to the fact that each individual MAP kinase can be activated by two or three upstream MAP2Ks and multiple MAP3Ks in Drosophila under different stimuli (Zhuang et al, 2006). Upon activation, p38 can phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors including ATF-2/ATF-7, CHOP/GADD153, Elk1, MEF2-C, Sap1 and CREB (Wang et al,1996;Raingeaud et al,1996;Han et al,1997;Iordanov et al,1997;Whitmarsh et al,1997;Shivers et al, 2010), and protein kinases such as MAPKAPK2, MNK, PRAK, MSK1 and RSK-B (Stokoe et al,1992;Fukunaga et al,1997;Waskiewicz et al,1997;New et al,1998;Deak et al,1998;Pierrat et al,1998), thus eliciting different cellular responses.…”