RTSP: An Accurate and Energy-Efficient Protocol for Clock Synchronization in WSNs

Akhlaq, Muhammad; Sheltami, Tarek R.

doi:10.1109/tim.2012.2232472

Cited by 88 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In practice, however, t RX − t TX = (3.51 ± 0.04) µs was measured by observing the SFD sampling events automatically generated by the transceiver hardware with an oscilloscope. A similar systemic offset was observed by [Akhlaq2013]. It is compensated for by subtracting ∆ SFD := 3.51 µs · 32 MHz = 112 from l b (t RX ), where 32 MHz is the timer frequency of the HaLOEWEn3 motes.…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

“…The authors report an average accuracy of 1.1 µs after a 20 K temperature variation at a single node. The Recursive Time Synchronization Protocol (RTSP) [Akhlaq2013] is also based on FTSP, but it uses automatic Medium Access Control (MAC) timestamping, i.e., the timestamps corresponding to the transmission or reception of the IEEE [802. 15.4] start of frame delimiter (SFD) are captured by the radio transceiver without software intervention.…”

Section: Wireless Time Synchronizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A heterogeneous system architecture for low-power wireless sensor nodes in compute-intensive distributed applications

Engel

Koch

Siebel

2015

2015 IEEE 40th Local Computer Networks Conference Workshops (LCN Workshops)

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Die Veröffentlichung steht unter folgender Creative Commons Lizenz: Namensnennung -Keine kommerzielle Nutzung -Keine Bearbeitung 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Erklärung zur DissertationHiermit versichere ich, die vorliegende Dissertation ohne Hilfe Dritter nur mit den angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmitteln angefertigt zu haben. Alle Stellen, die aus Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Diese Arbeit hat in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen. Darmstadt, den 22.11.2016 (Andreas Engel) AbstractWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) combine embedded sensing and processing capabilities with a wireless communication infrastructure, thus supporting distributed monitoring applications. WSNs have been investigated for more than three decades, and recent social and industrial developments such as home automation, or the Internet of Things, have increased the commercial relevance of this key technology. The communication bandwidth of the sensor nodes is limited by the transportation media and the restricted energy budget of the nodes. To still keep up with the ever increasing sensor count and sampling rates, the basic data acquisition and collection capabilities of WSNs have been extended with decentralized smart feature extraction and data aggregation algorithms. Energy-efficient processing elements are thus required to meet the ever-growing compute demands of the WSN motes within the available energy budget.The Hardware-Accelerated Low Power Mote (HaLoMote) is proposed and evaluated in this thesis to address the requirements of compute-intensive WSN applications. It is a heterogeneous system architecture, that combines a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for hardware-accelerated data aggregation with an IEEE 802.15.4 based Radio Frequency System-on-Chip for the network management and the top-level control of the applications. To properly support Dynamic Power Management (DPM) on the HaLoMote, a Microsemi IGLOO FPGA with a non-volatile configuration storage was chosen for a prototype implementation, called Hardware-Accelerated Low Energy Wireless Embedded Sensor Node (HaLOEWEn). As for every multi-processor architecture, the inter-processor communication and coordination strongly influences the efficiency of the HaLoMote. Therefore, a generic communication framework is proposed in this thesis. It is tightly coupled with the DPM strategy of the HaLoMote, that supports fast transitions between active and idle modes. Low-power sleep periods can thus be scheduled within every sampling cycle, even for sampling rates of hundreds of hertz.In addition to the development of the heterogeneous system architecture, this thesis focuses on the energy consumption trade-off between wireless data transmission and insensor data aggregation. The HaLOEWEn is compared with typical software processors in terms of runtime and energy efficiency in the context of three monitoring applications. The building blocks of these applications comprise hardware-acce...

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supporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Wireless Time Synchronizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A heterogeneous system architecture for low-power wireless sensor nodes in compute-intensive distributed applications

Engel

Koch

Siebel

2015

2015 IEEE 40th Local Computer Networks Conference Workshops (LCN Workshops)

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“…Also, [13] aims to minimize the energy for maximum accuracy but from a local node's perspective, with low duty cycle and low frequency crystal oscillators hardware. More recent works such as [11,14] approach the energy efficiency problem from a protocol perspective, without detailing the physical phenomena involved in wireless channels. For example, [14] proposes a new algorithm, the Recursive Time Synchronization Protocol (RTSP), which aims to minimize the number of transmitted messages in a WSN, although the authors do not include in their analysis either transmit or receive power in each sensor node as part of the minimization problem.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recent works such as [11,14] approach the energy efficiency problem from a protocol perspective, without detailing the physical phenomena involved in wireless channels. For example, [14] proposes a new algorithm, the Recursive Time Synchronization Protocol (RTSP), which aims to minimize the number of transmitted messages in a WSN, although the authors do not include in their analysis either transmit or receive power in each sensor node as part of the minimization problem. Therefore, the tradeoff "power consumption-clock synchronization quality" is a critical issue for wireless embedded systems that requires finding an optimal solution.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Trade-off between Power Consumption and Time Synchronization Quality for Moving Targets under Large-Scale Fading Effects in Wireless Sensor Networks

Briff¹,

Vega²,

Lutenberg³

et al. 2013

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In this work we find a lower bound on the energy required for synchronizing moving sensor nodes in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) affected by large-scale fading, based on clock estimation techniques. The energy required for synchronizing a WSN within a desired estimation error level is specified by both the transmit power and the required number of messages. In this paper we extend our previous work introducing nodes' movement and the average message delay in the total energy, including a comprehensive analysis on how the distance between nodes impacts on the energy and synchronization quality trade-off under large-scale fading effects.

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“…In this system this measured data helps in decision making in fault detection in the network. After removing such a clock skew or clock drift, the resulting delay is then used as a true measurement for clock synchronization of the scattered network [25], [26].…”

Section: Delay Measurement Based Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of DTSA in Distributed Network

Masne¹,

Shrawankar²

2013

IJCA

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In a distributed system, synchronization of time is an important functionality for supporting real-time scenario like online banking applications, database queries and real time applications etc. A clock synchronization is necessary to measure the duration of activities that start on one node and terminate on another one. Although the some of the existing algorithms for time synchronization depend on sending and receiving messages from different system. Scheduling such task sets with time constraints requires timing information to be accurate. Synchronizing these clocks allows services in higher layers to assume a global time within certain bounds of accuracy. The system clocks of different nodes are not works on same clock time. Usually, there is an offset between the times, so accuracy is not achieved. The clock time collection interval, in which clock time of remote nodes are collected and corrected with global time, which determines the period of the correction of the local clocks. Such a decomposition can reduce delay and achieve accuracy in network.The paper presented in approach towards Delay Tolerant Synchronization Algorithm (DTSA) which is combination of Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Delay Tolerant Protocol (DTP) which synchronizes nodes in a network with Global Time Server (GTS) using NTP. Simulation results show that the DTSA reduces delay and achieve accuracy in scattered network.

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RTSP: An Accurate and Energy-Efficient Protocol for Clock Synchronization in WSNs

Cited by 88 publications

References 17 publications

A heterogeneous system architecture for low-power wireless sensor nodes in compute-intensive distributed applications

A heterogeneous system architecture for low-power wireless sensor nodes in compute-intensive distributed applications

On the Trade-off between Power Consumption and Time Synchronization Quality for Moving Targets under Large-Scale Fading Effects in Wireless Sensor Networks

Performance Analysis of DTSA in Distributed Network

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