Rubber Tire Recycling and Disposal

Impacts associated with the plastic polymers polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polybutadiene across their life cycle: A review

“… N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6PPD) stabiliser Migrates from tyre wear particles and transforms into 6PPD-quinone, causing aquatic toxicity [ 311 , 312 ] and potentially affect human health based on animal studies showing multi-organ toxicity [ 313 ]. Disposal (waste management) Landfilling Whole tyres Tyres can cause landfill instability, which can allow pollutants from other municipal waste to migrate into the environment [ 314 , 315 ]. Tyre leachate can contaminate soil, groundwater and surface water [ 314 ].…”

“…Tyre leachate can contaminate soil, groundwater and surface water [ 314 ]. The synthetic components of tyres do not biodegrade and therefore, accumulate in landfills which have limits for the amount of tyres they can accept [ 314 , 315 ]. Alternatives: A biodegradable alternative include utilisation of polylactic acid (PLA) co-polymers of elastomers [ 287 ].…”

“… Alternatives: A biodegradable alternative include utilisation of polylactic acid (PLA) co-polymers of elastomers [ 287 ]. Accidental or uncontrolled fires, e.g., landfill fires and burning of scrap tyres PM, carbon monoxide, SO x , NO x , VOCs, benzene, PAHs, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and/or dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some trace elements such as arsenic, cadmium, nickel, zinc, mercury, chromium, vanadium Hazardous pollutants [ 4 ] released into the air and aquatic environment [ 314 , 316 , 317 ], leading to serious threat to the environment [ 315 ], human exposure and potential health risks [ 318 , 319 ]. Tyre-derived fuel PM, carbon monoxide, SO x , NO x , PAHs, PCDD/Fs, metals such as zinc Potentially released into the environment [ [320] , [321] , [322] ], leading to environmental and human health impacts.…”