Rubella

Winter, Amy; Moss, William J.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02691-x

Cited by 78 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Congenital heart defects (such as patent ductus arteriosus and branch pulmonary artery hypoplasia/ stenosis), cataracts, and sensorineural hearing loss are the classic triad. The WHO estimates that approximately 100,000 congenital rubella syndrome cases occur per year [ 6 , 7 ]. RV is a teratogenic virus, and the fetus teratogenic rate reaches 10–30%, which places a heavy economic and social burden on the family and society [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology and disease burden of congenital TORCH infections among hospitalized children in China: A national cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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Background Congenital TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), rubella virus (RV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)) infections are associated with a variety of adverse prenatal and neonatal events, including miscarriage, malformations and developmental abnormalities, and they remain an issue that cannot be neglected in China. However, the current research focuses more on the general screening of TORCH in women of childbearing age, and the medical information of children hospitalized due to congenital and perinatal TORCH infections has not been described in detail. This study summarized and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, length of stay (LOS), and the disease burden of hospitalized children diagnosed with congenital TORCH infections in 27 children’s hospitals in China. Methodology Based on the face sheet of discharge medical records (FSMRs) of hospitalized children in 27 tertiary children’s hospitals collected in the Futang Research Center of Pediatric Development and aggregated into FUTang Update medical REcords (FUTURE), we summarized and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, LOS, the disease burden (in US dollars, USD) and potential risk factors for hospitalized children diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, congenital rubella syndrome, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, and congenital HSV in 27 children’s hospitals in China from 2015 to 2020. Results One hundred seventy-three patients aged 0–<1 year were hospitalized for congenital TORCH infections. Among infections with TORCH, hospitalization with congenital toxoplasmosis was the least common, with only five cases were reported (2.89%), while the LOS was the highest. The proportion of patients with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was 15.61%, and 86% of children hospitalized with CRS had cardiovascular malformations, and the economic burden was the highest. Congenital CMV infection cases accounted for the largest proportion (76.30%). Overall, 5.20% of patients were infected with HSV, and the expense of hospitalization for congenital HSV infection was relatively low. Conclusion In the present study, the hospitalization proportion due to congenital TORCH infection was extremely low (17.56 per 100,000 neonates), indicating that China’s congenital TORCH infection prevention and control policies remain effective. The lowest proportion of patients was hospitalized with congenital toxoplasmosis, while the LOS was the longest. The economic burden of CRS was heavy, and infants are recommended be vaccinated against RV in a timely manner. Congenital CMV infections accounted for the largest proportion of patients, suggesting that the disease burden of congenital CMV infection cannot be ignored, and the prevention of congenital CMV infection during pregnancy is still an important issue that needs to pay attention. The expense of hospitalization for congenital HSV infection was relatively low, while the disease burden increases significantly when patients develop complications. These data illustrate the importance of improving screening for congenital TORCH infections in the early diagnosis and treatment of neonatal patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology and disease burden of congenital TORCH infections among hospitalized children in China: A national cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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“…CRS occurs after the transplacental transmission of RuV during the first eight weeks of gestation in up to 90% of cases and during the second trimester in 25-35% [3]. CRS has severe medical and public health consequences with its typical symptoms, including cataracts, congenital heart disease, sensorineural hearing impairment, hepatosplenomegaly and microcephaly, underlining the need for and importance of rubella-containing vaccines in preventing rubella and CRS [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Susceptibility of Rubella Virus in First-Trimester Trophoblast Cell Lines

Pham

Trinh

Takada

et al. 2022

Viruses

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We recently published an article about myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-independent rubella infection of keratinocytes in vitro, in which first-trimester trophoblast cells were shown as rubella virus (RuV)-resistant. Given an incident rate as high as 90% of congenital rubella syndrome in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, the RuV infection of first-trimester trophoblasts is considered key to opening the gate to transplacental transmission mechanisms. Therefore, with this study, we aimed to verify the susceptibility/resistance of first-trimester trophoblast cell lines, HTR-8/SVneo and Swan.71, against RuV. Cells cultured on multi-well plates were challenged with a RuV clinical strain at a multiplicity of infection from 5 to 10 for 3 h. The infectivity was investigated by immunofluorescence (IF) assay and flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Supernatants collected during the post-infection period were used to determine virus-progeny production. The scattered signaling of RuV infection of these cells was noted by IF assay, and the FCM analysis showed an average of 4–5% of gated cells infected with RuV. In addition, a small but significant production of virus progeny was also observed. In conclusion, by employing appropriate approaches, we determined the low infectivity of RuV in first-trimester trophoblast cell lines but not resistance as in our previous report.

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“…RuV infection in pregnant women, particularly in the first trimester, may result in intrauterine infection that causes damage in various fetal organs, including cataracts, heart disease, and hearing impairment, as well as neurologic disorders, including mental retardation, microcephaly, behavioral disorders, and meningoencephalitis; these fetal impairments comprise the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. RuV infection may also cause rare neurological diseases, such as postinfectious encephalitis and progressive rubella panencephalitis [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubella Virus Triggers Type I Interferon Antiviral Response in Cultured Human Neural Cells: Involvement in the Control of Viral Gene Expression and Infectious Progeny Production

Sakuragi

Liao

Yajima

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The type I interferon (IFN) response is one of the primary defense systems against various pathogens. Although rubella virus (RuV) infection is known to cause dysfunction of various organs and systems, including the central nervous system, little is known about how human neural cells evoke protective immunity against RuV infection, leading to controlling RuV replication. Using cultured human neural cells experimentally infected with RuV RA27/3 strain, we characterized the type I IFN immune response against the virus. RuV infected cultured human neural cell lines and induced IFN-β production, leading to the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and the increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), one of the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors, is required for the RuV-triggered IFN-β mRNA induction in U373MG cells. We also showed that upregulation of RuV-triggered ISGs was attenuated by blocking IFN-α/β receptor subunit 2 (IFNAR2) using an IFNAR2-specific neutralizing antibody or by repressing mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) expression using MAVS-targeting short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Furthermore, treating RuV-infected cells with BX-795, a TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/I kappa B kinase ε (IKKε) inhibitor, robustly reduced STAT1 phosphorylation and expression of ISGs, enhancing viral gene expression and infectious virion production. Overall, our findings suggest that the RuV-triggered type I IFN-mediated antiviral response is essential in controlling RuV gene expression and viral replication in human neural cells.

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Rubella

Cited by 78 publications

References 67 publications

The epidemiology and disease burden of congenital TORCH infections among hospitalized children in China: A national cross-sectional study

The epidemiology and disease burden of congenital TORCH infections among hospitalized children in China: A national cross-sectional study

Low Susceptibility of Rubella Virus in First-Trimester Trophoblast Cell Lines

Rubella Virus Triggers Type I Interferon Antiviral Response in Cultured Human Neural Cells: Involvement in the Control of Viral Gene Expression and Infectious Progeny Production

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