Rule for Scaling Shoulder Rotation Angles while Walking through Apertures

Higuchi, Tatsuo; Seya, Yasuhiro; Imanaka, Kuniyasu

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048123

Cited by 22 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In agreement with this idea, we recently reported that when passing through an opening, the CNS is likely to determine the amplitude of body rotation to ensure that the minimal spatial margin (6–8 cm) is created at one side of the body at the time of crossing (Higuchi et al, 2012). In this study, we asked participants to walk through narrow openings of three widths relative to their body width (ratio value = 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1) while holding one of three horizontal bars (one shorter than the body width and the others 1.5 and 2.5 times the body width).…”

Section: Anticipatory Locomotor Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In this study, we asked participants to walk through narrow openings of three widths relative to their body width (ratio value = 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1) while holding one of three horizontal bars (one shorter than the body width and the others 1.5 and 2.5 times the body width). The experimental manipulation of holding the long bar was helpful in addressing this issue because the longer the bar was (i.e., the wider the spatial requirements for passage were), the smaller the amplitude of body rotation sufficient to produce the same spatial margin for the respective ratio value of an opening was (see Higuchi et al, 2012 for detail). The results showed that the amplitude of rotation angles became smaller for the respective ratio value as the bar increased in length.…”

Section: Anticipatory Locomotor Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visuomotor Control of Human Adaptive Locomotion: Understanding the Anticipatory Nature

Higuchi¹

2013

Front. Psychol.

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To maintain balance during locomotion, the central nervous system (CNS) accommodates changes in the constraints of spatial environment (e.g., existence of an obstacle or changes in the surface properties). Locomotion while modifying the basic movement patterns in response to such constraints is referred to as adaptive locomotion. The most powerful means of ensuring balance during adaptive locomotion is to visually perceive the environmental properties at a distance and modify the movement patterns in an anticipatory manner to avoid perturbation altogether. For this reason, visuomotor control of adaptive locomotion is characterized, at least in part, by its anticipatory nature. The purpose of the present article is to review the relevant studies which revealed the anticipatory nature of the visuomotor control of adaptive locomotion. The anticipatory locomotor adjustments for stationary and changeable environment, as well as the spatio-temporal patterns of gaze behavior to support the anticipatory locomotor adjustments are described. Such description will clearly show that anticipatory locomotor adjustments are initiated when an object of interest (e.g., a goal or obstacle) still exists in far space. This review also show that, as a prerequisite of anticipatory locomotor adjustments, environmental properties are accurately perceived from a distance in relation to individual’s action capabilities.

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Section: Anticipatory Locomotor Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Anticipatory Locomotor Adjustmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visuomotor Control of Human Adaptive Locomotion: Understanding the Anticipatory Nature

Higuchi¹

2013

Front. Psychol.

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“…Second, spatial attention may have been directed more toward the paretic side of the body. A previous study [43] demonstrated that, when walking through an aperture, the magnitude of the angle of body rotation is determined so that it creates a constant spatial margin between the frame of an aperture and the edge of the body side from which individuals penetrated the aperture. Providing that spatial attention is involved in information processing to produce the constant spatial margin, this could help improve the representation of the paretic side of the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the trials in which no body rotation occurred, this measurement represented the number of steps taken to simply cross the aperture and was always regarded as a single step in this study. Based on previous studies [17,26], the beginning of body rotation was defined as the moment that the body rotation angle deviated from the mean body rotation angle for an initial 1 sec of measurement by more than three standard deviations (i.e., the mean ± 3 SD). The end of body rotation was defined as the time when the upper body (represented by the midpoint of the two markers on the shoulders) crossed the midpoint of the aperture.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The uniqueness of this study was to test their ability to safely walk through apertures. Adaptive modification of walking through a narrow aperture includes fine-tuning the walking direction toward the center of the aperture [15,16], decrease in movement speed [17,18], and changes in body configuration such as (upper-) body rotation in the yaw dimension [17–26]. The most powerful means to avoid accidental contact is the body rotation because it effectively reduces horizontal space required for crossing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Walking through Apertures in Individuals with Stroke

et al. 2017

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ObjectiveWalking through a narrow aperture requires unique postural configurations, i.e., body rotation in the yaw dimension. Stroke individuals may have difficulty performing the body rotations due to motor paralysis on one side of their body. The present study was therefore designed to investigate how successfully such individuals walk through apertures and how they perform body rotation behavior.MethodStroke fallers (n = 10), stroke non-fallers (n = 13), and healthy controls (n = 23) participated. In the main task, participants walked for 4 m and passed through apertures of various widths (0.9–1.3 times the participant’s shoulder width). Accidental contact with the frame of an aperture and kinematic characteristics at the moment of aperture crossing were measured. Participants also performed a perceptual judgment task to measure the accuracy of their perceived aperture passability.Results and DiscussionStroke fallers made frequent contacts on their paretic side; however, the contacts were not frequent when they penetrated apertures from their paretic side. Stroke fallers and non-fallers rotated their body with multiple steps, rather than a single step, to deal with their motor paralysis. Although the minimum passable width was greater for stroke fallers, the body rotation angle was comparable among groups. This suggests that frequent contact in stroke fallers was due to insufficient body rotation. The fact that there was no significant group difference in the perceived aperture passability suggested that contact occurred mainly due to locomotor factors rather than perceptual factors. Two possible explanations (availability of vision and/or attention) were provided as to why accidental contact on the paretic side did not occur frequently when stroke fallers penetrated the apertures from their paretic side.

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Walking through an aperture with visual information obtained at a distance

Muroi

Higuchi

2016

Exp Brain Res

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The present study addressed whether visual information about the width of an aperture, obtained at a distance, would be sufficient to guide walking through the aperture without collision. For this purpose, we asked twelve young participants to walk while holding a 66-cm horizontal bar (bar length needs to be considered in order to perceive space necessary for crossing) and pass through an aperture without vision from 3 m in front of the aperture. Participants performed the tasks under each of four visual conditions, which differed in how vision was available: observation for 1.5 s while standing (static vision), observation during two forward steps and stopping (dynamic vision), observation during two forward steps and not stopping (dynamic vision with nonstop walking), and full vision. The results showed that, for narrow apertures (the widths were 0.8 and 1.0 times the bar length), the rate of collision without vision was about 40-50 %. This was mainly due to the maladaptive planning of body rotation. For the aperture 1.0 times the bar length, the percentage of trials with no body rotation was high, suggesting that at least some participants underestimated the space necessary for crossing. The location at which maximum body rotation occurred became farther from the obstacle, which may have been related to decreased movement speed. The availability of dynamic visual sampling during two forward steps did not contribute to improving collision avoidance. These results suggest that, while fundamental locomotor patterns are maintained even without online vision, both the underestimation of space required for crossing and the lack of fine-tuning of behavior prior to crossing increased collision rates.

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Rule for Scaling Shoulder Rotation Angles while Walking through Apertures

Cited by 22 publications

References 26 publications

Visuomotor Control of Human Adaptive Locomotion: Understanding the Anticipatory Nature

Visuomotor Control of Human Adaptive Locomotion: Understanding the Anticipatory Nature

Walking through Apertures in Individuals with Stroke

Walking through an aperture with visual information obtained at a distance

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