Rules and benefits of Life Cycle Assessment in green chemical process and synthesis design: a tutorial review

Kralisch, Dana; Ott, Denise; Gericke, Doerthe

doi:10.1039/c4gc01153h

Cited by 223 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…15 To test the influence of the solvent on the overall life-cycle impacts, both methanol and isopropanol were considered as suitable replacements of ethanol. The solvents were substituted on a per mole basis.…”

Section: Precursor and Solvent Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Anticipatory life-cycle assessment of supercritical fluid synthesis of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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Supercritical fluid synthesis offers an attractive and unique method to produce metal oxide nanoparticles such as barium strontium titanate (Ba 1−x Sr x TiO 3 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1). This synthesis pathway has the advantage of producing high quality, highly crystalline nanoparticles in a narrow size range, with accurate control of the elemental composition not easily afforded by other methods of production. Coupled with moderate reaction temperatures and short reaction times, this method could be an environmentally preferred synthesis route compared to conventional synthesis pathways. This paper examines the potential environmental impacts leading from the lab-scale supercritical synthesis of 1 kg of Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 nanoparticles of an average size 16 nm using the approach of an anticipatory life-cycle assessment. A cradle-to-gate assessment was completed, estimating the impacts across resource extraction, material processing, and production of the nanoparticles, while excluding any associated use-phase or end-of-life considerations.The life-cycle assessment highlights a number of ways by which the environmental profile of the supercritical synthesis of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles could be improved. Lab-scale synthesis was bound by physical constraints of the reactor, whereby the precursor concentration was kept artificially low. Being able to synthesize nanoparticles with precursor concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 molar would reduce the average life-cycle impacts by nearly 81% and 95%, respectively. Additionally, the recovery and reuse of solvents at high recycling rates (e.g. 90%) could reduce average life-cycle impacts by 56%. At high precursor concentrations and solvent recycling rates, the environmental performance was further limited by the precursors, namely barium and titanium alkoxides, which have high upstream life-cycle demands (i.e. isopropanol production and metal processing). General impact reductions were seen as the ratio of strontium : barium increased. Further reductions could be achieved by replacing the barium, strontium and titanium alkoxides with precursors having better life-cycle profiles such as barium and strontium acetates or barium and strontium hydroxides.

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Section: Precursor and Solvent Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Anticipatory life-cycle assessment of supercritical fluid synthesis of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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“…[52] The teaching of LCA is beneficial because making inventories of mass and energy flows provides information on the greenness and allows ad eeper understanding of chemical process with respect to other aspects,s uch as engineering. [54] [53] However, initial experience of the incorporation of LCA into chemicale ngineering programs results in improved critical thinking and the abilities of students to solve problems.…”

Section: Green Chemistrym Etrics Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Chemistry in Higher Education: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends

et al. 2018

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Nowadays, there is increasing interest in global sustainability, and thus, university students would like to know how human actions affect the health status of our planet. This is mainly due to their basic knowledge of problems such as global warming and greenhouse gases. Students would like to gain knowledge on how to safeguard the earth for future generations. This must involve changes in education programs at interested institutions and universities. To ensure that future generations of chemists are equipped with proper knowledge, significant efforts are needed. Thus, this article aims to present the history of green chemistry, its milestones, and ideas on how to teach this subject. A discussion of awareness in the field of green chemistry and of existing teaching materials is presented. In addition, green chemistry metrics, which should be known and used by professors and students, are described. Teaching methods for green chemistry are also given, with special attention paid to organic and analytical chemistry education.

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“…reaction rate, by-product formation, phase separation). Complex processes will therefore have greater impacts on product quality, cost, processing time, and potentially on the environment and safety [5,6].…”

Section: The Importance Of Being Greenestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound and green chemistry − Further comments

Cintas

2016

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

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Rules and benefits of Life Cycle Assessment in green chemical process and synthesis design: a tutorial review

Cited by 223 publications

References 112 publications

Anticipatory life-cycle assessment of supercritical fluid synthesis of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles

Anticipatory life-cycle assessment of supercritical fluid synthesis of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles

Green Chemistry in Higher Education: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends

Ultrasound and green chemistry − Further comments

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