Rumen ciliate protozoa of domestic sheep (<i>Ovis aries</i>) and goat (<i>Capra aegagrus hircus</i>) in Kyrgyzstan

Gürellı, Gözde; Canbulat, Savaş; Aldayarov, Nurbek; Dehority, Burk A.

doi:10.1093/femsle/fnw028

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A study in cattle indicated that Entodinium, Diplodinium, Eremoplastron, Ostracodinium, Eodinium, Epidinium, Isotricha, and Dasytricha were among the most abundant genera (> 1%) of a total of 13 identified in the ruminal fluid by microscopic identification and counting [38]. Conversely, in sheep and goats, 12 and 8 genera were identified, being Dasytricha, Entodinium, Eudiplodinum, Diplodinium, Isotricha, and Metadinium the more abundant (> 1%) in both species, and Enoploplastron, Ophryoscolex, and Polyplastron only in sheep [39].…”

Section: Protozoamentioning

confidence: 94%

Alternative pathways for hydrogen sink originated from the ruminal fermentation of carbohydrates: Which microorganisms are involved in lowering methane emission?

2022

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Agriculture is responsible for a great share of the anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases that, by warming the earth, threaten its biodiversity. Among greenhouse gas emissions, enteric CH4 from livestock is an important target to slow down climate changes. The CH4 is originated from rumen fermentation and its concentration is affected by several factors, including genetics and nutrition. Ruminants have an extraordinary symbiosis with microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) that ferment otherwise indigestible carbohydrates, from which they obtain energy to grow and continue actively producing, among other products, volatile fatty acids, CO2 and H2. Detrimental ruminal accumulation of H2 is avoided by methanogenesis carried out by Archaea methanogens. Importantly, methanogenesis is not the only H2 sink pathway. In fact, other bacteria can reduce substrates using metabolic hydrogen formed during carbohydrate fermentation, namely propionate production and reductive acetogenesis, thus lowering the CH4 produced. Although the complexity of rumen poses challenges to mitigate CH4 production, the emergence of sequencing techniques that allow the study of microbial communities, gene expression, and metabolome are largely contributing to unravel pathways and key players in the rumen. Indeed, it is now recognized that in vivo emissions of CH4 are correlated to microbial communities, and particularly with the abundance of methanogens, several bacterial groups, and their genes. The goal of CH4 mitigation is to work in favor of the natural processes, without compromising rumen function, animal health, and productivity. Notwithstanding, the major challenge continues to be the feasibility and affordability of the proposed solutions.

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Section: Protozoamentioning

confidence: 94%

Alternative pathways for hydrogen sink originated from the ruminal fermentation of carbohydrates: Which microorganisms are involved in lowering methane emission?

2022

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“…The number of ciliate genera in sheep living in İzmir, Turkey was higher than that in sheep from Canada (Imai et al 1989), Egypt (Selim et al 1996), Libya (Selim et al 1999), Northern Cyprus (Göçmen et al 2001;Göçmen & Gürelli 2009a, b), and Egypt (Baraka 2012), but less than sheep from Turkey (Göçmen et al 1999;Öktem et al 1997) and Kyrgyzstan (Gürelli et al 2016). However the number of ciliate species in sheep living in İzmir, Turkey was less than that in sheep from Turkey (Göçmen et al 1999;Öktem et al 1997), Northern Cyprus (Göçmen et al 2001;Göçmen & Gürelli 2009a, b), and Kyrgyzstan (Gürelli et al 2016) and higher than sheep from Canada (Imai et al 1989), Egypt (Selim et al 1996), Libya (Selim et al 1999), and Egypt (Baraka 2012) (Table 3). Although the sheep were from the same area (İzmir) of Turkey in this study and other studies (Göçmen et al 1999;Öktem et al 1997) and the number of sheep studied increased in this study, the number of ciliate species decreased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Ciliate densities were calculated at 400× magnification with a Neubauer hemocytometer counting chamber. Differential counts of species were estimated from smear slides with 75-1500 cells of each species (Gürelli et al 2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

Gürellı

2017

Zootaxa

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Species composition and distribution of ciliates were investigated in the rumen contents of 15 domestic sheep (Ovis aries) living in İzmir, Turkey. Twenty-three species and 11 morphotypes belonging to nine genera were identified. The density of ciliates was 118.3 ± 63.5 × 104 cells ml−1, and the mean number of ciliate species per host was 13.5 ± 5.3. Entodinium simulans was the most abundant species, with a prevalence of 100%. Two morphotypes of Diplodinium flabellum were identified, such as D. flabellum m. aspinatum and D. flabellum m. monospinatum, and E. simulans m. dubardi was found for the first time in domestic sheep in Turkey. The scanning electron microscopic observations of Entodinium longinucleatum, E. bursa, E. rectangulatum m. rectangulatum, E. semahatae, E. exiguum, E. minimum, E. simulans m. caudatum, E. dilobum, Diplodinium flabellum m. aspinatum, D. dentatum, Isotricha prostoma, Metadinium affine, Enoploplastrom triloricatum, Dasytricha ruminantium, Ophryoscolex caudatus m. tricoronatus, Epidinium ecaudatum m. parvicaudatum, and Polyplastron multivesiculatum were studied.

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“…Of the rumen microorganisms, bacteria are the most abundant with concentrations 10 5 times higher than fungi or protozoa (de Almeida et al, 2012;Gürelli et al, 2016;Rira et al, 2016). The various types of rumen bacteria work together to ferment the various plant substrates into energy compounds utilised by the host for growth and development.…”

Section: General Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though the rumen has substantial fungi and protozoan populations, they are far fewer than the prokaryotic community. Rumen fungi have been found in the rumen at concentrations of 1.6 to 8.8 x 10 5 cfu mL -1 (de Almeida et al, 2012), with rumen protozoa at a similar concentration of 8.1 x 10 4 to 4.8 x 10 5 cells mL -1 (Gürelli et al, 2016). As rumen bacteria are far more numerous, with concentrations of 1 x 10 11 cells g -1 (Hungate, 1966;Rira et al, 2016), they are more likely to have the greatest impact on digestion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Microbial Community Structure and Functionality in Ruminants Fed the Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57

Schofield¹

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In the agricultural industry, farmers are continually searching for ways to improve animal production. Developing a more efficient digestive system is one such way that this can be achieved.In domesticated ruminants such as sheep and cattle, the feed material is initially digested in the largest and most prominent compartment of the alimentary canal: the rumen. The rumen is populated by a complex community of microorganisms that are capable of degrading the tough fibrous components of the plant cell wall, releasing fermentable and digestible carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Probiotics, defined as "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host", have been used as a means to influence the rumen microbial community to improve the efficiency of feed digestion.In this study we cultivate the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 as an inoculum, to be added to pelleted animal feed in concentrations of 10 9 cfu kg -1 (Chapter 2). To determine the genetic makeup of H57, its genome was sequenced (Chapter 3). The sequence analysis revealed a number of antimicrobial lipopeptides and polyketides, which if expressed in the rumen could significantly alter the rumen microbial community. Other genes of interest within the H57 genome include a number of carbohydrate degrading enzymes as well as those involved with nitrate reduction, which has been recognised as a potential alternative electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions such as the rumen.The H57 inoculum was administered in two animal feeding trials, one using pregnant Dorper ewes and the other using newborn dairy calves. In both instances a significant increase in weight gain was observed in the H57 fed animals compared to the control group. As a means to understand how H57 benefits these animals, the rumen microbial community was profiled by sequencing PCR amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene (Chapter 4). Analysis of the calf rumen microbiome did not reveal any significant differences between the control calves and those that were fed H57 for eight weeks. The only differences in the rumen community occurred between the initial sampling at four weeks and after weaning at eight weeks. In the sheep, however, there was a clear shift in microbial community structure between the control and H57 fed sheep. In both the control and H57 fed sheep the most abundant bacterial populations were Prevotella, although different species were dominant in each treatment group. The H57 fed sheep also had an abundance of Roseburia.Further analysis into the genetic potential and functionality of differentially abundant rumen microorganisms was performed on the sheep samples using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing. It was found that in the H57 fed sheep the rumen microbial community had an increased expression of hemicellulolytic enzymes, including β-glucosidase/β-galactosidase, α-galactosidase and L-arabinose isomerase. As hemicellulose contributes a significant portion of plant iii cell wall bio...

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Rumen ciliate protozoa of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) in Kyrgyzstan

Cited by 18 publications

References 30 publications

Alternative pathways for hydrogen sink originated from the ruminal fermentation of carbohydrates: Which microorganisms are involved in lowering methane emission?

Alternative pathways for hydrogen sink originated from the ruminal fermentation of carbohydrates: Which microorganisms are involved in lowering methane emission?

Rumen Ciliate Fauna of Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries) in İzmir, Turkey and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations

Microbial Community Structure and Functionality in Ruminants Fed the Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57

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