Rumen Ciliate Protozoal Fauna of Reindeer in Inner Mongolia, China

Imai, Soichi; Oku, Yoshie; Morita, Tatsushi; Ike, Kazunori; Guirong,

doi:10.1292/jvms.66.209

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The number of ciliate protozoa found in the rumen at the start of the experiment (on average 24 x 10 4 per ml) was lower than the counts around 200 x 10 4 per ml previously observed in reindeer from good winter pastures (Westerling, 1970) or reindeer on summer pastures (Westerling, 1970;Dehority, 1975;Imai et al, 2004). The delay between death and preparation of the samples may have reduced the number of protozoa in the present material.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Rumen function in reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</em>) after sub-maintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Nilsson

Åhman²,

Murphy³

et al. 2009

Ran

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The aim of this experiment was to ascertain how different feeding strategies affect the rumen function of reindeer after nutritional deprivation. Rumen adaptation to various diets, after restricted feeding, was studied in 44 eight-month-old semi-domesticated female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). All animals were initially fed a simulated winter diet based on lichens (lichen diet). A control group, continuously offered the lichen diet ad libitum, was compared to four groups of reindeer that were first restrictively fed (half the ad libitum ration) for eight days followed by one day without feed. The rumen content of restrictively fed animals had higher pH, lower dry matter content and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, a changed composition of VFAs, and lower counts of bacteria compared to that of the control group. The effect was less dramatic than previously reported for reindeer starved for several days. On day 10, the four restrictively fed groups were introduced to different diets. One group was re-fed the lichen diet ad libitum and did not differ from the control group when the experiment ended after five weeks of feeding. Two groups were fed grain-based reindeer feed (pellets) combined with either lichens or grass silage, and one group was fed silage with a gradually increased addition of pellets. Diarrhoea and so called “wet belly” occurred initially in the three latter groups. After five weeks of feeding, the reindeer in the three pellet-fed groups had an altered composition of VFAs and higher counts of protozoa, and also tended to have higher total VFA concentration in the rumen, compared to the control animals and those re-fed the lichen diet. Only small changes were observed in the size of rumen papillae and these could be associated with energy intake. Protozoa decreased over time on the lichen diet. This study confirmed that rumen function was significantly affected by a relatively short period of restricted feed intake. The experiment also revealed a clear difference in rumen function between reindeer adapted to a lichen-based diet and those adjusted to basically grain-based diets. Bacteria that were utilising lichens were drastically reduced when the diet lacked lichens; consequently these bacteria may be regarded as a substrate-specific group.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag:

Vomfunktionen hos ren (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) efter begränsat födointag och påföljande utfodring Ett försök utfördes med syfte att ta reda på hur olika utfodringsstrategier påverkar vomfunktionerna hos ren (Rangifer t. tarandus) efter en period med lågt näringsintag. Vommens anpassning till olika dieter studerades hos 44 åtta månader gamla honkalvar Alla renarna gavs initialt en simulerad vinterdiet baserad på lav (lavdiet). En kontrollgrupp, som fick äta fritt av lavdieten under hela försöket, jämfördes med fyra grupper renar...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Rumen function in reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</em>) after sub-maintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Nilsson

Åhman²,

Murphy³

et al. 2009

Ran

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Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag:

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“…In the present study, 12 species representing 7 genera were found across the three Alaskan moose from which samples were obtained. Previously, between 16 and 24 rumen ciliate species, represented by 1 to 9 genera, were found in in studies of wild reindeer (9,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39), wild musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) (6), wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.) (40), Kafue lechwe antelope (Kobus leche kafuensis) (41), Sassaby antelope (Damaliscus lunatus) (10), and tsessebe antelope (Damaliscus lunatus lunatus) (42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies of rumen ciliate protozoa are performed using microscopy and traditional culturing techniques (2,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10), quantitative PCR (11,12), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (13), and full-length 18S rRNA clone libraries (13,14). A few studies of rumen ciliate protozoa use highthroughput sequencing, although primer selection remains a problem, as some studies use universal eukaryotic primers, primers which target only one ciliate protozoon signature region, or primers which produce long amplicons that are unsuitable for current high-throughput technology (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Validation of Four New Primers for Next-Generation Sequencing To Target the 18S rRNA Genes of Gastrointestinal Ciliate Protozoa

Ishaq

Wright

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Four new primers and one published primer were used to PCR amplify hypervariable regions within the protozoal 18S rRNA gene to determine which primer pair provided the best identification and statistical analysis. PCR amplicons of 394 to 498 bases were generated from three primer sets, sequenced using Roche 454 pyrosequencing with Titanium, and analyzed using the BLAST database (NCBI) and MOTHUR version 1.29. The protozoal diversity of rumen contents from moose in Alaska was assessed. In the present study, primer set 1, P-SSU-316F and GIC758R (amplicon of 482 bases), gave the best representation of diversity using BLAST classification, and the set amplified Entodinium simplex and Ostracodinium spp., which were not amplified by the other two primer sets. Primer set 2, GIC1080F and GIC1578R (amplicon of 498 bases), had similar BLAST results and a slightly higher percentage of sequences that were identified with a higher sequence identity. Primer sets 1 and 2 are recommended for use in ruminants. However, primer set 1 may be inadequate to determine protozoal diversity in nonruminants. The amplicons created by primer set 1 were indistinguishable for certain species within the genera Bandia, Blepharocorys, Polycosta, and Tetratoxum and between Hemiprorodon gymnoprosthium and Prorodonopsis coli, none of which are normally found in the rumen. Rumen ciliate protozoa represent important functional members of the rumen environment, as most have some cellulolytic or amylolytic abilities (1-3). Most studies of rumen ciliate protozoa are performed using microscopy and traditional culturing techniques (2, 4-10), quantitative PCR (11, 12), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (13), and full-length 18S rRNA clone libraries (13,14). A few studies of rumen ciliate protozoa use highthroughput sequencing, although primer selection remains a problem, as some studies use universal eukaryotic primers, primers which target only one ciliate protozoon signature region, or primers which produce long amplicons that are unsuitable for current high-throughput technology (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).18S rRNA genes range from 1.5 kb to more than 4.5 kb (21), and in rumen ciliate protozoa, they are generally 1.5 kb to 1.8 kb in length. Like the 16S rRNA genes of prokaryotes, the 18S rRNA genes of eukaryotes have nine hypervariable regions (V1 to V9) which can be used for genus/species identification. Four gut ciliate signature regions exist within rumen protozoal 18S rRNA genes which represent areas of high variability that can improve identification down to the species level (22, 23). Signature region 1 occurs between bp 440 and 460 (within V3), signature region 2 occurs between bp 590 and 620 (between V3 and V4), signature region 3 occurs between bp 1220 and 1260 (within V6), and signature region 4 occurs between bp 1560 and 1580 (after V8) (Fig. 1). Additionally, rumen ciliate protozoa have a slightly different 18S rRNA secondary structure from nonrumen ciliates, in that rumen protozoa are missing helix E23-5 from the V4 region and other hel...

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“…Previously, D. rangiferi was observed in 2 of 2 caribou (100%) in Alaska (Dehority, 1975), 4 of 12 red deer (33.3%) in Australia (Dehority, 1997), and 3 of 3 reindeer (100%) in China (Imai et al, 2004). The frequency of appearance (4%) of this species in Turkish domestic cattle was considerably lower than that reported from cervid species, which was fairly similar from different geographical areas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 74%

First record of Diplodinium rangiferi Dogiel, 1925 (Ophryoscolecidae, Entodiniomorphida) from domestic cattle

Gürellı¹

2014

Turk J Zool

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Rumen Ciliate Protozoal Fauna of Reindeer in Inner Mongolia, China

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Rumen function in reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</em>) after sub-maintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Rumen function in reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</em>) after sub-maintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Design and Validation of Four New Primers for Next-Generation Sequencing To Target the 18S rRNA Genes of Gastrointestinal Ciliate Protozoa

First record of Diplodinium rangiferi Dogiel, 1925 (Ophryoscolecidae, Entodiniomorphida) from domestic cattle

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