Milk is an ideal environment for the growth of many microorganisms due to its high nutritional content. A lot of species, including both desirable and undesirable ones, are detected in raw milk, and thus the milk microbiota may affect the quality and safety of dairy products (Quigley et al., 2013). Some bacteria in milk, including members of Lactococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp., and Leuconostoc spp. can exert a beneficial role in altering the taste, appearance, and texture of milk and dairy products (Quigley et al., 2013). Meanwhile, several psychrotrophic bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., and Acinetobacter spp., have the ability to grow at low temperatures and become a major cause of milk spoilage, persisting and proliferating during cold storage and producing proteases and lipases (Meer, Baker, Bodyfelt, & Griffiths, 1991; Vithanage et al., 2016). Proteases may reduce the nutrient and economic value of milk by the hydrolysis of casein during milk processing, and lipases can convert lipids into free fatty acids, resulting in unexpected flavor and altering organoleptic properties (Hantsis-Zacharov & Halpern, 2007). Purebred Holsteins have been the major breed in dairy farming because of their overwhelming productivity compared with other breeds. The high milk yield of Holsteins, however, often forces the cows to encounter a serious negative energy balance when they enter lactation after parturition. The state of negative energy balance may increase the number of services per pregnancy and