Ruminative Inertia, Emotion Regulation, and Depression: A Daily-Diary Study

Bean, Christian A. L.; Heggeness, Luke F.; Ciesla, Jeffrey A.

doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.04.004

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…It is important to note that the current study has focused on modeling immediate effects of cognitive control training on emotion regulation dynamics, where our pattern of findings may suggest a transition from inflexible habitual use of rumination in a context-independent manner-also referred to as ruminative inertia, which has recently been linked to reduced autonomic flexibility (Stange et al, 2020), use of other maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (Bean et al, in press) and elevated depressive symptomatology (Bean et al, 2020(Bean et al, , 2021-toward more flexible use of this maladaptive emotion regulation strategy. As such, the possibility exists that the initial training gains on deployment of rumination may cascade into more robust changes following extended practice with emotion regulation and, related to this, 14 mastery experience in not engaging in habitual rumination (e.g., in line with newly acquired relaxation techniques which are typically first practiced repeatedly in nonstressful situations before one is able to apply them in the context of stress).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Regaining control of your emotions? Investigating the mechanisms underlying effects of cognitive control training for remitted depressed patients.

Hoorelbeke¹,

Bergh²,

Raedt³

et al. 2023

Emotion

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Studies suggest that cognitive control training shows potential as a preventive intervention for depression. At the same time, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying effects of cognitive control training. Informed by theoretical frameworks of cognitive risk for recurrent depression (De Raedt & Koster, 2010;Siegle et al., 2007), the current study sought to model direct effects of cognitive control training on the complex interplay between affect, emotion regulation, residual symptomatology, and resilience in a sample of remitted depressed patients (n=92).Combining a four week experience sampling procedure with an experimental manipulation of cognitive control, we observed beneficial effects of cognitive control training on deployment of rumination. In addition, we obtained evidence for the causal involvement of cognitive control in efficacy of emotion regulation. In contrast to our expectations, cognitive control training did not exert immediate effects on residual symptomatology or resilience when compared to an active control condition, nor did cognitive control training impact the complex interplay between these variables. Overall, immediate effects of cognitive control training on functioning in daily life were limited.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Regaining control of your emotions? Investigating the mechanisms underlying effects of cognitive control training for remitted depressed patients.

Hoorelbeke¹,

Bergh²,

Raedt³

et al. 2023

Emotion

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“…A number of different measures of flexibility and variability have been proposed by researchers, including the within-person standard deviation (Blanke et al, 2020), entropy (Wen et al, 2021), inertia (Bean et al, 2021), and dominance , among others. An important next step is a full accounting of all measures, what they represent theoretically, and whether they contribute unique information (cf.…”

Section: Across Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion regulation flexibility

Kalokerinos¹,

Koval²

2022

Preprint

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Our environment is in constant flux, and in response, our emotions change dynamically (Kuppens & Verduyn, 2017). Thus, when seeking to influence our emotions, we must also dynamically tune our emotion-regulation efforts. This means that successful regulation does not involve merely using particular adaptive strategies, but rather, flexibly picking the right strategy to suit ever-changing situational demands (Bonanno & Burton, 2013). This means that emotion regulation researchers must understand flexibility, often defined as systematic variation in emotion regulation processes in synchrony with the context (Aldao et al., 2015). In this chapter, we first discuss variability as a precursor to flexibility, then introduce the components of emotion regulation flexibility, and finally discuss challenges and future research directions.

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“…H. Bos et al, 2019; Dejonckheere et al, 2019; Houben et al, 2015; Houben & Kuppens, 2020; Koval et al, 2013; Sperry et al, 2020; Sperry & Kwapil, 2022; Trull et al, 2015; van de Leemput et al, 2014). More cognitive characteristics of depression, such as ruminating or having negative thoughts about oneself, were also found to be more variable in persons with depression than in controls (Bean, 2023; Crowe et al, 2019; Franck & De Raedt, 2007). The latter could signal a fragile or vulnerable self-esteem, which can both precipitate and maintain depression.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Monitoring emotional intensity and variability to forecast depression recurrence in real time in remitted adults.

Schreuder,

Schat,

Smit

et al. 2024

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Objective: Recurrent depressive episodes are preceded by changing mean levels of repeatedly assessed emotions (e.g., feeling restless), which can be detected in real time using statistical process control (SPC). This study investigated whether monitoring changes in the standard deviation (SD) of emotions and negative thinking improves the early detection of recurrent depression. Method: Formerly depressed adults (N = 41) monitored their emotions five times a day for 4 consecutive months. During the study, 22 individuals experienced recurrent depression. We used SPC to detect warning signs (i.e., changing means and SDs) of four emotions (positive and negative affect with high or low arousal) and negative thinking. Results: SD-based warning signs only preceded 23%-36% of recurrences, but almost never reflected a false alarm (0%-16%). Correspondingly, SD-based warnings had a high specificity (at the cost of sensitivity), while mean-based warnings had a higher sensitivity (but lower specificity). There was little overlap in mean-and SD-based warning signs. For the majority of emotions, monitoring for high SDs alongside monitoring changes in mean levels improved the detection of depression ( p < .015) compared to when only monitoring for changing mean levels. Conclusions: Warning signs for depression manifest not only in changing mean levels of emotions and cognitions but also in increasing SDs. These warnings could eventually be used to detect not just who is at increased risk for depression but also when risk is rising. Further research is needed to evaluate the clinical utility of depression SPC.What is the public health significance of this article? Changes in the mean levels of self-reported emotions precede recurrent depressive episodes and are therefore considered warning signals. This study shows that the early detection of recurrent depression improves when warning signals are not only tracked in the mean but also in the variability of emotions. Thus, monitoring for both changes in emotional intensity and variability may aid the early detection, and possibly the prevention, of depression.

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Ruminative Inertia, Emotion Regulation, and Depression: A Daily-Diary Study

Cited by 11 publications

References 53 publications

Regaining control of your emotions? Investigating the mechanisms underlying effects of cognitive control training for remitted depressed patients.

Regaining control of your emotions? Investigating the mechanisms underlying effects of cognitive control training for remitted depressed patients.

Emotion regulation flexibility

Monitoring emotional intensity and variability to forecast depression recurrence in real time in remitted adults.

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