“Run, Hide, Tell” or “Run, Hide, Fight”? The impact of diverse public guidance about marauding terrorist firearms attacks on behavioral intentions during a scenario-based experiment in the United Kingdom and Denmark

Lindekilde, Lasse; Pearce, Julia M.; Parker, David; Rogers, M. Brooke

doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102278

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The RHF method is the most common guideline cited by the authors Beaudry and Martel (2016) Wallen et al (2023). This method has been adopted throughout Europe from the Norwegian security forces in 2018 and paralleled the American guidelines (Lindekilde et al, 2021). We also encountered ethical dilemmas associated with this situation, with Janairo et al ( 2021) elaborating on the first step "run away" -as healthcare workers, according to respondents who have not yet undergone emergency training, are supposed to protect patients rather than their own lives, just like other units of the integrated rescue system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They recommend staying away from windows and doors, moving with patients to safe areas if possible, and providing only such necessary medical care required to sustain life. There are also other recommendations from the UK such as "run, hide, tell," which are defensive behaviours (Lindekilde et al, 2021). In addition to these methods, Wallen et al (2023) also reported the "avoid, deny, defend, treat" method, where the first three points share the principles of the RHF method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal strategies for prevention and preparation of medical personnel for emergency response to an active shooter attack in a healthcare facility - scoping review

Heřman,

Plevová,

Navrátil

2024

Kontakt

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Goal: To seek and describe current scientific knowledge on the preparedness of medical personnel for an active shooter attack, with the identification of an optimal preparation strategy concerning prevention and potential management of this emergency on the premises of a medical facility. Methods: A scoping study with five phases of methodological steps was applied on the basis of the identified research question. According to the PCC (population, concept, context) format, the research question was divided into individual keywords in selected languages used for the search. Primary studies published between 2000 and December 2023 were included in the selection process. The sources were searched in December 2023 and freely available. Licensed databases EBSCOhost, Cinahl Plus with Full text, Medline, Medline Complete, and Google were used to find relevant studies. We used the "find similar articles" function in many databases. Selected English language keywords were searched using Boolean operators and placeholders. Results: The final analysis included nine studies. As precautions, the authors recommended the development of guidelines and establishment of a system, not only at the national level, but also within individual facilities interconnected with the police, regular training of employees with practical simulation, orientation signs in buildings, communication links for quick information and, last but not least, knowledge of warning behaviour. Conclusion: Healthcare providers should be systematically prepared for an active shooter emergency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal strategies for prevention and preparation of medical personnel for emergency response to an active shooter attack in a healthcare facility - scoping review

Heřman,

Plevová,

Navrátil

2024

Kontakt

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“…Rooted in sociology research (Steiner et al , 2016) by studies such as Rossi et al (1974) and Rossi and Nock (1982), scenario- or vignette-based experiments “typically employ short, systematically varied descriptions of situations or persons (called vignettes) to elicit the beliefs, attitudes or behaviours of respondents with respect to presented scenarios” (Steiner et al , 2016, p. 52). The method has been successfully used in a large array of areas, such as economics, psychology, medicine and public policy research, with examples ranging from cultural differences’ perspectives on conflict management (Murayama et al , 2015) and public guidance after massive terrorist attacks (Lindekilde et al , 2021) to Alzheimer’s disease stigma (Johnson et al , 2015). While analysing warning responses, Weyrich et al (2020) performed a comparison between real-time observations and vignette-based experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

End-to-end sustainability: trade-offs, consumers’ perceptions and decisions beyond B2C interfaces

Park

Nunes

Ishizaka

2021

SCM

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Purpose This study aims to examine the extended effects of corporate (ir)responsibilities in supply chains. More specifically, the authors compare the impact of social and environmental initiatives and failures in the reputational capital of supply chain partners. The authors investigate how (and if) companies’ decisions to prioritize different sustainability dimensions in their supplier selection processes (i.e. sustainability trade-offs) affect consumers’ perception of corporate image, corporate credibility-expertise, attitude towards the firm and word-of-mouth. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted three behavioural vignette-based experiments with 562 participants from the USA, relying on analysis of variance and t-tests analyses. Findings Results show that consumers perceive social irresponsibility cases as more severe than environmental ones in suppliers’ operations, penalizing buyers’ corporate image, corporate credibility-expertise and word-of-mouth. Corporate image, attitude towards the firm and word-of-mouth also have significant differences between social and environmental trade-offs. Statistically significant differences were also found between scenarios that portrayed the discovery of an irresponsible action and ones that reinforced the previous irresponsible practice in companies’ suppliers. Practical implications When types of irresponsibility practices are presented, the discovery of child labour and modern slavery conditions in suppliers damage how consumers perceive the company on corporate image and their attitude towards the organization and how they will spread word-of-mouth, reinforcing the importance of considering sustainability issues when making supplier selection decisions. Originality/value The study contributes to the understanding of how companies are perceived by their consumers regarding irresponsible practices and their impact on firms’ supplier selection decisions. Furthermore, data suggests that consumers might hierarchize sustainability dimensions, perceiving social irresponsibility cases as more severe than environmental irresponsibility ones.

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“…As mentioned earlier, Lindekilde et al's (2021) scenario -based experiment suggests that the 'Run, Hide, Tell' message may lead to increased likelihood of public passiveness in situations where more pro-active reactions would be beneficial. 144 Other versions of the advice include the US guidance 'Run, Hide, Fight'. However, it's worth making several points in response, in relation to the evidence presented in this briefing document.…”

Section: How Do We Provide Emotional Support?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers

Drury¹,

Arias²,

Au-Yeung³

et al. 2023

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.

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“Run, Hide, Tell” or “Run, Hide, Fight”? The impact of diverse public guidance about marauding terrorist firearms attacks on behavioral intentions during a scenario-based experiment in the United Kingdom and Denmark

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Optimal strategies for prevention and preparation of medical personnel for emergency response to an active shooter attack in a healthcare facility - scoping review

Optimal strategies for prevention and preparation of medical personnel for emergency response to an active shooter attack in a healthcare facility - scoping review

End-to-end sustainability: trade-offs, consumers’ perceptions and decisions beyond B2C interfaces

Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers

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