Running Energy Cost and Spring-Mass Behavior in Young versus Older Trained Athletes

Pantoja, Patrícia Dias; Morin, Jean-Benoı̂t; Peyré‐Tartaruga, Leonardo Alexandre; Brisswalter, Jeanick

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000959

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…When analyzing only the t c , there was no difference between groups, but when analyzing t ce , it was lowest for P high , while t ae was highest, showing a more effective force application in the ground with a greater L (see Figure 4). Future studies should consider the use of t ce and t ae , which are more representative of the elastic system in running than values usually used in the literature (Morin et al, 2007; Pantoja et al, 2016). Furthermore, no relationship between contact time and RE were found (Santos-Concejero et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landing-Takeoff Asymmetries Applied to Running Mechanics: A New Perspective for Performance

et al. 2019

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Background: Elastic bouncing is a physio-mechanical model that can elucidate running behavior in different situations, including landing and takeoff patterns and the characteristics of the muscle-tendon units during stretch and recoil in running. An increase in running speed improves the body’s elastic mechanisms. Although some measures of elastic bouncing are usually carried out, a general description of the elastic mechanism has not been explored in running performance. This study aimed to compare elastic bouncing parameters between the higher- and lower-performing athletes in a 3000 m test. Methods: Thirty-eight endurance runners (men) were divided into two groups based on 3000 m performance: the high-performance group (P high ; n = 19; age: 29 ± 5 years; mass: 72.9 ± 10 kg; stature: 177 ± 8 cm; 3000 time : 656 ± 32 s) and the low-performance group (P low ; n = 19; age: 32 ± 6 years; mass: 73.9 ± 7 kg; stature: 175 ± 5 cm; 3000 time : 751 ± 29 s). They performed three tests on different days: (i) 3000 m on a track; (ii) incremental running test; and (iii) a running biomechanical test on a treadmill at 13 different speeds from 8 to 20 km h −1 . Performance was evaluated using the race time of the 3000 m test. The biomechanics variables included effective contact time ( t ce ), aerial time ( t ae ), positive work time ( t push ), negative work time ( t break ), step frequency ( f step ), and elastic system frequency ( f sist ), vertical displacement ( S v ) in t ce and t ae ( S ce and S ae ), vertical force, and vertical stiffness were evaluated in a biomechanical submaximal test on treadmill. Results: The t ae , f sist , vertical force and stiffness were higher ( p < 0.05) and t ce and f step were lower ( p < 0.05) in P high , with no differences between groups in t push and t break . Conclusion: The elastic bouncing was optimized in runners of the best performance level, demonstrating a better use of elastic components.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landing-Takeoff Asymmetries Applied to Running Mechanics: A New Perspective for Performance

et al. 2019

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“…In recent years, a simpler kinematic approach has been developed for power output computation during accelerated running . It considers the time course of a runner's velocity that can be easily measured by laser‐assisted or other time/gate devices . From the time course of BCoM velocity of our subjects, we also computed the horizontal power as proposed by Samozino et al (a) by fitting the time course of the subject's velocity with a mono‐exponential equation, which was (b) time differentiated to obtain acceleration and (c) by multiplying acceleration and velocity, mass‐specific power was obtained (W kg −1 ), (d) the mean of which was considered as horizontal power ( P horizontal ) and compared with our values (Figure ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive mechanical power analysis in sprint running acceleration

Pavei

Zamparo

Fujii

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Sprint running is a common feature of many sport activities. The ability of an athlete to cover a distance in the shortest time relies on his/her power production. The aim of this study was to provide an exhaustive description of the mechanical determinants of power output in sprint running acceleration and to check whether a predictive equation for internal power designed for steady locomotion is applicable to sprint running acceleration. Eighteen subjects performed two 20 m sprints in a gym. A 35‐camera motion capture system recorded the 3D motion of the body segments and the body center of mass (BCoM) trajectory was computed. The mechanical power to accelerate and rise BCoM (external power, Pext) and to accelerate the segments with respect to BCoM (internal power, Pint) was calculated. In a 20 m sprint, the power to accelerate the body forward accounts for 50% of total power; Pint accounts for 41% and the power to rise BCoM accounts for 9% of total power. All the components of total mechanical power increase linearly with mean sprint velocity. A published equation for Pint prediction in steady locomotion has been adapted (the compound factor q accounting for the limbs' inertia decreases as a function of the distance within the sprint, differently from steady locomotion) and is still able to predict experimental Pint in a 20 m sprint with a bias of 0.70 ± 0.93 W kg−1. This equation can be used to include Pint also in other methods that estimate external horizontal power only.

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“…The higher energy cost of running in master athletes is associated with a lower muscle power. However, a long-lasting running exercise seems to preserve the spring-like mechanism (i.e., stiffness during running) of master athletes (Pantoja et al, 2016). The inconsistency of the results may be explained by the different age and fitness level of the tested master athletes.…”

Section: Age-related Changes In Physiological Determinants Of Enduranmentioning

confidence: 99%

Master Athletes Are Extending the Limits of Human Endurance

Lepers

Stapley

2016

Front. Physiol.

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The increased participation of master athletes (i.e., >40 years old) in endurance and ultra-endurance events (>6 h duration) over the past few decades has been accompanied by an improvement in their performances at a much faster rate than their younger counterparts. Aging does however result in a decrease in overall endurance performance. Such age-related declines in performance depend upon the modes of locomotion, event duration, and gender of the participant. For example, smaller age-related declines in cycling performance than in running and swimming have been documented. The relative stability of gender differences observed across the ages suggests that the age-related declines in physiological function did not differ between males and females. Among the main physiological determinants of endurance performance, the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) appears to be the parameter that is most altered by age. Exercise economy and the exercise intensity at which a high fraction of VO2max can be sustained (i.e., lactate threshold), seem to decline to a lesser extent with advancing age. The ability to maintain a high exercise-training stimulus with advancing age is emerging as the single most important means of limiting the rate of decline in endurance performance. By constantly extending the limits of (ultra)-endurance, master athletes therefore represent an important insight into the ability of humans to maintain physical performance and physiological function with advancing age.

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Running Energy Cost and Spring-Mass Behavior in Young versus Older Trained Athletes

Abstract: A long-lasting running practice seemed to preserve the bouncing mechanism of master athletes, yet their energy cost was higher when compared with younger runners, which might have been associated with a lower muscle power.

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

Landing-Takeoff Asymmetries Applied to Running Mechanics: A New Perspective for Performance

Landing-Takeoff Asymmetries Applied to Running Mechanics: A New Perspective for Performance

Comprehensive mechanical power analysis in sprint running acceleration

Master Athletes Are Extending the Limits of Human Endurance

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