Running related biomechanical risk factors for overuse injuries in distance runners: A systematic review considering injury specificity and the potentials for future research

Abstract

Objective To identify and evaluate the evidence of the most relevant running-related risk factors (RRRFs) for running-related overuse injuries (ROIs) and to suggest future research directions. Design Systematic review considering prospective and retrospective studies. (PROSPERO_ID: 236832) Data sources Pubmed. Connected Papers. The search was performed in February 2021. Eligibility criteria English language. Studies on participants whose primary sport is running addressing the risk for the seven most common ROIs and at least one kinematic, kinetic (including pressure measurements), or electromyographic RRRF. An RRRF needed to be identified in at least one prospective or two retrospective studies. Results Sixty-two articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Levels of evidence for specific ROIs ranged from conflicting to moderate evidence. Running populations and methods applied varied considerably between studies. While some RRRFs appeared for several ROIs, most RRRFs were specific for a particular ROI. The biomechanical measurements performed in many studies would have allowed for consideration of many more RRRFs than have been reported, highlighting a potential for more effective data usage in the future. Conclusion This study offers a comprehensive overview of RRRFs for the most common ROIs, which might serve as a starting point to develop ROI-specific risk profiles of individual runners. Future work should use macroscopic (big data) approaches involving long-term data collections in the real world and microscopic approaches involving precise stress calculations using recent developments in biomechanical modelling. However, consensus on data collection standards (including the quantification of workload and stress tolerance variables and the reporting of injuries) is warranted.

Changes to balance dynamics following a high-intensity run are associated with future injury occurrence in recreational runners

“…But, more importantly, these data rule out the possibility that the reported injuries were due to an increase in training volume. While the injury survey inquired about all-cause injuries, all reported injuries were overuse injuries commonly observed in runners (Hreljac, 2005;Van Gent et al, 2007;Lopes et al, 2012;Verschueren et al, 2020;Willwacher et al, 2022). Because overuse injuries refer to musculoskeletal insults resulting from repeated stress over time (Hreljac, 2005), they are mainly related to a lower capacity to adapt to the stresses imposed by training and other physical activities (Fonseca et al, 2020).…”

Rethinking running biomechanics: a critical review of ground reaction forces, tibial bone loading, and the role of wearable sensors

“…Metrics of ground reaction forces (GRF) are crucial in understanding the biomechanical mechanisms during running (Johnson C. D. et al, 2020). This understanding plays a pivotal role in preventing musculoskeletal injuries and in evaluating rehabilitation processes (Van der Worp et al, 2016;Willwacher et al, 2022;Pan et al, 2023;Yang et al, 2023). Proper analysis and interpretation of these reaction forces can provide invaluable insights into the efficiency and safety of movement, thus informing strategies for injury prevention and the effectiveness of rehabilitation techniques (Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2011;Johnson C. D. et al, 2020).…”