Declaration of interest: The author is employed by the Mind & Life Institute, a non-profit organization that has figured prominently in the development of contemplative science. Programs and activities of the Mind & Life Institute are discussed in relation to the topic of this paper. Highlights • Examines the role of Buddhist ideas in the development of contemplative science • Discusses Buddhist influence on key areas of meditation research, including neurophenomenology, subjective experience, attention, self, and the cultivation of prosocial qualities • Makes recommendations for the continuation of dialogue between knowledge traditions,