Rupture History of the 2011 M 9 Tohoku Japan Earthquake Determined from Strong-Motion and High-Rate GPS Recordings: Subevents Radiating Energy in Different Frequency Bands

Frankel, Arthur

doi:10.1785/0120120148

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This depth corresponds to the location on the fault plane with a coupling factor of approximately 0.25. Given the observation that the down-dip portion of the rupture zone of the 2011 M w 9.0 Tohoku earthquake that generated significant strong ground motions had a coseismic slip much lower than the peak slip determined for the rupture (Frankel, 2013), workshop participants thought that using the 1-cm/yr locking contour (about 25 percent locking) for the consensus estimate of the downdip edge was a reasonable strategy.…”

Section: Logic Tree For Down-dip Edge Of Rupturementioning

confidence: 99%

Documentation for the 2014 update of the United States national seismic hazard maps

Petersen¹,

Moschetti²,

Powers³

et al. 2014

Open-File Report

370

376

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The national seismic hazard maps for the conterminous United States have been updated to account for new methods, models, and data that have been obtained since the 2008 maps were released (Petersen and others, 2008). The input models are improved from those implemented in 2008 by using new ground motion models that have incorporated about twice as many earthquake strong ground shaking data and by incorporating many additional scientific studies that indicate broader ranges of earthquake source and ground motion models. These time-independent maps are shown for 2-percent and 10-percent probability of exceedance in 50 years for peak horizontal ground acceleration as well as 5-hertz and 1-hertz spectral accelerations with 5-percent damping on a uniform firm rock site condition (760 meters per second shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m, V S30). In this report, the 2014 updated maps are compared with the 2008 version of the maps and indicate changes of plus or minus 20 percent over wide areas, with larger changes locally, caused by the modifications to the seismic source and ground motion inputs.

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Section: Logic Tree For Down-dip Edge Of Rupturementioning

confidence: 99%

Documentation for the 2014 update of the United States national seismic hazard maps

Petersen¹,

Moschetti²,

Powers³

et al. 2014

Open-File Report

370

376

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These earthquakes had a return period of approximately 500 years and were derived by combining synthetic seismograms from 3D finite‐difference simulations (≥1 s) with finite‐source stochastic synthetics (<1 s), produced by Frankel et al 15 The M9 simulations considered various rupture scenarios, hypocenter locations, and slip distributions and were found to match the BC Hydro GMM 35 well for locations outside of the deep basins. The modeling methodology was also found to sufficiently replicate recordings from the 2010 M8.8 Maule (Chile) earthquake 36 and the 2011 M9 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake 37 . The resulting synthetics highlight the considerable amplification of spectral accelerations, ranging from factors of 2 to 5, for periods of 1 to 10 s, for sites within the Seattle basin.…”

Section: Seismic Performance Assessment Methodologymentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The modeling methodology was also found to sufficiently replicate recordings from the 2010 M8.8 Maule (Chile) earthquake 36 and the 2011 M9 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake. 37 The resulting synthetics highlight the considerable amplification of spectral accelerations, ranging from factors of 2 to 5, for periods of 1 to 10 s, for sites within the Seattle basin. Marafi et al 12 showed that inside the basin the spectral accelerations of the simulated M9 CSZ ground motions at periods of 1.5 to 4 s were greater than the spectral accelerations of the ASCE 7-16 risk-targeted maximum considered earthquake (MCE R ), which has a return period of around 2000 years in Seattle.…”

Section: Seismic Hazard and Ground Motionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Estimating economic losses of midrise reinforced concrete shear wall buildings in sedimentary basins by combining empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations

Kourehpaz

Hutt

Marafi³

et al. 2020

Earthq Engng Struct Dyn

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Studies of recorded ground motions and simulations have shown that deep sedimentary basins can greatly increase the intensity of earthquake ground motions within a period range of approximately 1-4 s, but the economic impacts of basin effects are uncertain. This paper estimates key economic indicators of seismic performance, expressed in terms of earthquake-induced repair costs, using empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations that account for the effects of basins. The methodology used is general, but the estimates are made for a series of eight-to 24-story residential reinforced concrete shear wall archetype buildings in Seattle, WA, whose design neglects basin effects. All buildings are designed to comply with code-minimum requirements (i.e., reference archetypes), as well as a series of design enhancements, which include (a) increasing design forces, (b) decreasing drift limits, and (c) a combination of these strategies. As an additional reference point, a performance-based design is also assessed. The performance of the archetype buildings is evaluated for the seismic hazard level in Seattle according to the 2018 National Seismic Hazard Model (2018 NSHM), which explicitly considers basin effects. Inclusion of basin effects results in an average threefold increase in annualized losses for all archetypes. Incorporating physics-based ground motion simulations to represent the large-magnitude Cascadia subduction interface earthquake contribution to the hazard results in a further increase of 22% relative to the 2018 NSHM. The most effective of the design strategies considered combines a 25% increase in strength with a reduction in drift limits to 1.5%.

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“…The earthquake source was spatially distributed over the fault plane and temporally distributed over the duration of rupture [e.g., Frankel, 2013]. Strong body waves and surface waves thus arrived together from Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10.1002/2015GC005832 the distributed sources over an extended interval at a given station.…”

Section: Suppression Of High-frequency S Waves By Low-frequency Raylementioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear attenuation from the interaction between different types of seismic waves and interaction of seismic waves with shallow ambient tectonic stress

Sleep

Nakata

2015

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Strong seismic waves bring rock into frictional failure at the uppermost few hundred meters.Numerous small fractures slip with the cumulative effect of anelastic strain and nonlinear attenuation; these fractures should not distinguish between remote sources of stress. Still, frictional failure criteria are not evident especially when seismic waves change the normal traction on fractures. We identify three earthquakes as examples where consideration of interaction among dynamic stresses from different wave types and ambient tectonic stress provides theoretical predictions of nonlinear attenuation that are potentially testable with single station seismograms. For example, because Rayleigh waves produce shallow horizontal dynamic tension and compression, frictional failure should preferentially occur on the tensile half-cycle if no shallow tectonic stress is present and on the compressional half-cycle if the tectonic stress is already near thrust-faulting failure. We observed neither effect on records from the 2011 M w 9.0 Great Tohoku earthquake. However, Rayleigh waves from this event appear to have brought rock beneath MYGH05 station into frictional failure at 10 m depth and thus suppressed high-frequency S waves. The tensile half-cycle of high-frequency P waves reduced normal traction on horizontal planes beneath station IWTH25 during the 2008 M w 6.9 Iwate-Miyagi earthquake, weakening the rock in shear and suppressing high-frequency S waves. The near-field velocity pulse from the 1992 M w 7.3 Landers earthquake brought the uppermost few hundred meters of granite beneath Lucerne station into frictional failure, suppressing high-frequency S waves. These moderately positive examples support the reality of nonlinear wave interaction, warranting study future strong ground motions.

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Rupture History of the 2011 M 9 Tohoku Japan Earthquake Determined from Strong-Motion and High-Rate GPS Recordings: Subevents Radiating Energy in Different Frequency Bands

Cited by 35 publications

References 32 publications

Documentation for the 2014 update of the United States national seismic hazard maps

Documentation for the 2014 update of the United States national seismic hazard maps

Estimating economic losses of midrise reinforced concrete shear wall buildings in sedimentary basins by combining empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations

Nonlinear attenuation from the interaction between different types of seismic waves and interaction of seismic waves with shallow ambient tectonic stress

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