Rupture of deep faults in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and uplift of the Longmen Shan

Wang, Qi; Qiao, Xuejun; Qigui, Lan; Freymueller, J. T.; Yang, Song; Xu, Caijun; Yang, Yanping; You, Xinzhao; Tang, Kai; Gang, Chen

doi:10.1038/ngeo1210

Cited by 228 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…We use the same Tikhonov-regularized least squares approach as in the synthetic example. The inferred slip distribution we obtain (Figure 3) is broadly similar to previous slip distributions [14,16,18] with a transition from primarily dip-slip in the southwest to primarily right-lateral strike-slip in the northeast. However, the distribution of slip with depth is skewed even more towards a shallow-slip-dominant earthquake than previous analyses.…”

Section: Topographic Effects and The Prevalence Of Shallow Slip For Tsupporting

confidence: 68%

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Topography and the shallow slip deficit inference

Thompson¹,

Meade²

2018

Preprint

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Images of earthquake slip serve as the foundation for understanding the distribution of coseismic energy release, theories about rupture propagation, and fault mechanics. Geodetic slip images are inferred using elastic models that link surface observations to fault activity at depth. To date, almost all elastic models used for these common calculations [10, 14, 19, 23] include the assumption that the Earth is flat [1, 6, 11], even for earthquakes in regions of extreme topographic relief like the 2008 MW=7.9 Wenchuan earthquake at the Longmenshan range-front. Here we develop three-dimensional boundary element models that explicitly include topographic relief and find that the classical flat Earth assumption may induce errors >100% in imaged coseismic slip. This topographic effect is important even in regions with small topographic gradients (1-5% , 1992 MW=7.3 Landers) and can lead to the inaccurate inference of a shallow slip deficit [9]. These results illustrate that understanding earthquake behaviors will require more accurate models not only in terms of physical processes but also in terms of geologic fidelity.

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Section: Topographic Effects and The Prevalence Of Shallow Slip For Tsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…We invert GPS data and triangulation data [18], containing a total of 506 displacement observations. We use the same Tikhonov-regularized least squares approach as in the synthetic example.…”

Section: Topographic Effects and The Prevalence Of Shallow Slip For Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography and the shallow slip deficit inference

Thompson¹,

Meade²

2018

Preprint

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“…Few cGPS stations were in operation at that time in broad areas affected by these events. Fortunately most of these large earthquakes were intensively studied with InSAR interferograms (Lasserre et al 2005;Funning et al 2007;Hashimoto et al 2010;Zha et al 2011) and a few were investigated by using either near-field GPS measurements (Chlieh et al 2007) or both InSAR and GPS data (Wang et al 2011b). As a result, slip models of these events are usually constrained well with resolved details and may be sufficient for our needs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ellipses of the vectors are statistically in the 95% confidence level. (Wang et al 2011b), we tried to use the non-negative leastsquares and bounded variable least-squares algorithms to resolve the slip on the model plane. Based on a total of 418 GPS vectors with amplitudes greater than 8 cm we solved for the slip distribution of the observed data by minimizing their postfit residuals and preserving the slip smoothness on the patches.…”

Section: Far-field Co-seismic Off-sets Predicted By Source Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, an effort to combine GPS data with a sufficient long history in a tectonic active region to infer its velocity field, assuming a linear trend in site displacements is sometimes challenged by intermittent major earthquakes. In China, moderate to great earthquakes (M w 6 -8) have occurred frequently in the past decade (e.g., Lasserre et al 2005;Funning et al 2007;Elliott et al 2010;Wang et al 2011b;Zhao et al 2012) and even giant events M w ~9 occur occasionally in neighboring regions (Chlieh et al 2007;Simons et al 2011). The stable crustal deformation process may be significantly disturbed by the earthquakes of various sizes that have introduced additional transient processes on different spatial scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-Seismic Effect of the 2011 Japan Earthquake on the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China

Yang¹,

Tan²,

Wang³

2013

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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Great earthquakes introduce measurable co-seismic displacements over regions of hundreds and thousands of kilometers in width, which, if not accounted for, may significantly bias the long-term surface velocity field constrained by GPS observations performed during a period encompassing that event. Here, we first present an estimation of the far-field co-seismic off-sets associated with the 2011 Japan M w 9.0 earthquake using GPS measurements from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) in North China. The uncertainties of co-seismic off-set, either at cGPS stations or at campaign sites, are better than 5 -6 mm on average. We compare three methods to constrain the co-seismic off-sets at the campaign sites in northeastern China 1) interpolating cGPS coseismic offsets, 2) estimating in terms of sparsely sampled time-series, and 3) predicting by using a well-constrained slip model. We show that the interpolation of cGPS co-seismic off-sets onto the campaign sites yield the best co-seismic off-set solution for these sites. The source model gives a consistent prediction based on finite dislocation in a layered spherical Earth, which agrees with the best prediction with discrepancies of 2 -10 mm for 32 campaign sites. Thus, the co-seismic off-set model prediction is still a reasonable choice if a good coverage cGPS network is not available for a very active region like the Tibetan Plateau in which numerous campaign GPS sites were displaced by the recent large earthquakes.

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Sensitivity of Coulomb stress change to the parameters of the Coulomb failure model: A case study using the 2008 M_w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

Wang

Freymueller

et al. 2014

JGR Solid Earth

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The Coulomb stress change has been widely employed to interpret mainshock-mainshock and mainshock-aftershock triggering as well as interactions amongst earthquake faults and volcanoes. This quantitative index is computed based on the Coulomb failure criterion and is a function of fault parameters including the source and receiver fault geometries, the friction coefficient on the receiver fault, and Skempton's coefficient of the host rock. Thus, for the robust determination of the Coulomb stress change, the sensitivity of the Coulomb stress change to these model parameters should be thoroughly assessed. However, notwithstanding numerous case studies, almost no systematic investigation of the sensitivity of the Coulomb stress change has been performed. Here we present an error estimator for the Coulomb stress change and then quantitatively investigate the sensitivity of the Coulomb stress change to the fault model parameters for the 2008 M w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Our results indicate that for this case the Coulomb stress change is the most sensitive to the uncertainty in the dip angle of the receiver fault, while the influences of the uncertainties in the slip model of the source fault, the strike, and rake angles of the receiver fault, and the friction and Skempton's coefficients cannot be neglected. Accordingly, it is crucial to perform a realistic estimate of the uncertainty in the Coulomb stress change. By performing such calculation, future Coulomb stress analyses such as the stress triggering of earthquake sequence and the likelihoods of potential earthquakes could be based on more robust Coulomb stress change maps.

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Rupture of deep faults in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and uplift of the Longmen Shan

Cited by 228 publications

References 38 publications

Topography and the shallow slip deficit inference

Topography and the shallow slip deficit inference

Co-Seismic Effect of the 2011 Japan Earthquake on the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China

Sensitivity of Coulomb stress change to the parameters of the Coulomb failure model: A case study using the 2008 M_w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

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Rupture of deep faults in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and uplift of the Longmen Shan

Cited by 228 publications

References 38 publications

Topography and the shallow slip deficit inference

Topography and the shallow slip deficit inference

Co-Seismic Effect of the 2011 Japan Earthquake on the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China

Sensitivity of Coulomb stress change to the parameters of the Coulomb failure model: A case study using the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

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Product

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Sensitivity of Coulomb stress change to the parameters of the Coulomb failure model: A case study using the 2008 M_w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake