Rupture of the Posteromedial Papillary Muscle Leading to Partial Flail of the Anterior Mitral Leaflet

Abstract

A n 86-year-old woman with a history of hypertension presented with acute onset of chest pain and evidence of shock (hypotension and tachycardia). For the preceding 2 weeks, she had been experiencing intermittent nausea and vomiting; proton pump inhibitors did not improve her symptoms. The ECG showed ST elevations in the inferior leads and ST depressions in leads V 1 and V 2 , with reciprocal ST depressions in leads I and aVL, suggesting an acute inferoposterior infarction (Figure 1). Physical examination also revealed a new 2/6 holosystolic murmur at the apex and significant bilateral rales. She was taken emergently to the cardiac catheterization laboratory, where 100% thrombotic occlusion of the middle right coronary artery was revealed ( Figure 2A). A left ventriculogram revealed severe (4ϩ) mitral regurgitation with a normal-sized left atrium ( Figure 2B). An intra-aortic balloon pump was placed, and she was transferred to the cardiac intensive care unit. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed normal right and left ventricular size and function, with evidence of inferior and posterior wall hypokinesis. The estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure was significantly elevated at 77 mm Hg. Most important, however, the echocardiogram confirmed both severe mitral regurgitation with rupture of the posteromedial papillary muscle and partial flail of the anterior mitral leaflet (Figure 3A through D; Movies I through III in the online-only Data Supplement). Unfortunately the patient's clinical status continued to worsen. She was deemed extremely high risk for surgery, and her healthcare proxy confirmed her do-notresuscitate/do-not-intubate status. She expired several hours later despite maximal hemodynamic support.Acute mitral regurgitation caused by papillary muscle rupture is a rare but life-threatening complication of myocardial infarction. Patients typically present with an inferior infarction with the right coronary artery as the culprit. They also tend to be older and have a preserved ejection fraction. Rupture typically occurs within 5 days of the infarct. 1 It is postulated that the preserved contractility exerts increased stress on an already compromised papillary muscle, eventually leading to rupture. 2 This case highlights the importance of understanding mitral valve anatomy. The valve itself comprises an anterior and a posterior leaflet. Valvular competence is maintained by

Left atrial myxoma, ruptured chordae tendinae causing mitral regurgitation and coronary artery disease

“…Besides acute and severe manifestation, direct visualization of the rupture of papillary muscle is necessary for its definitive diagnosis. [19] Index case had chronic symptoms with no feature of acute event and importantly demonstrated rupture of chordae tendinae rather than papillary muscle which was possibly due to "the wrecking ball" effect of myxoma on the mitral apparatus.…”

The Rupture of the head of postmedial papillary muscle. Mechanical complications of myocardial infraction with normal angiographic image of coronary vessels.

“…It occurs in about 1% of patients mostly on the 2nd to 7th day of infarction, usually on the inferior wall, among elderly women with single-vessel coronary disease suffering from diabetes. Preponderantly the posteromedial papillary muscle becomes damaged (6-12 times more often); unlike the anterolateral one, it is vascularised only in one coronary artery (a branch of the posterior descending right coronary artery in 95% of cases, or more rarely the third marginal artery branching off from the circumflex artery) [4,5,8] . The basic treatment in acute mitral regurgitation caused by ischemic papillary muscle rupture is surgery.…”

Successful percutaneous mitral valve repair with the mitraclip system of acute mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle rupture as complication of acute myocardial infarction

“…PMR typically occurs within 5 days of the infarct and may be partial, when involving one or more apical heads, or complete, which involves entirely the muscle belly . The rupture of the anterolateral muscle is unusual as blood supply to the anterolateral muscle is supplied by both the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, and is associated with infarctions of these vessels (including the first obtuse marginal and the first diagonal branch).…”