Ovarian-type mucinous tumours occur very rarely in the retroperitoneum. We present a case of primary retroperitoneal mucinous tumour of borderline malignancy in a 58-year-old woman, detected as an incidental finding. The patient presented with acute renal failure, investigation for which revealed a complex pelvic mass initially thought to be in the right adnexa and consistent with an ovarian neoplasm. Surgical findings revealed a 130-mm, right-sided non-communicating retroperitoneal pelvic mass, posterior to the appendix, which was completely resected. Both ovaries were normal. Macroscopically, it was a multiloculated cystic structure with a smooth external surface containing clear and mucinous fluid. Microscopic examination showed a mucinous tumour of borderline malignancy. The literature contains approximately nine other cases of primary mucinous retroperitoneal tumour of borderline malignancy. These cases have occurred in women aged 36-60 years. Most patients were asymptomatic and the mass was detected as an incidental finding. The patients have been followed up for up to 6 to 18 months and, to date, none have recurred. There are limitations to pre-operative radiological imaging. A definitive diagnosis can only be made after complete surgical excision and histological examination, having excluded retroperitoneal involvement by mucinous tumours from sites such the ovaries, bowel, appendix and pancreas.