Rural and urban groundwave propagation in a desert environment

Packer, M.J.; Desourdis, Robert I.

doi:10.1109/milcom.1993.408591

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Consequently the GW propagation losses were higher than expected. In [18] propagation measurements on HF frequencies were reported in open desert areas, as well as in urban environments. The conclusion in this report were that the losses in open areas matched the expectation within a few dB, but in urban areas a diversity of propagation losses was found when measured the GW propagation path, and varied all over the city.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Propagation Measurements and Analysis on MF and HF Bands in Urban Areas in The Netherlands

Fockens

Vogt-Ardatjew

Leferink

2022

IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.

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Using a new propagation measurement set-up, which produces a high number of data, enabling a proper statistical analysis, and resulting in very concise results, propagation measurements were performed and analized at 16 residential locations in The Netherlands in the frequency range from 1.8 to 28 MHz. In the whole frequency range the propagation loss appear to be higher than according the International Telecommunication Union ground-wave propagation model might be expected. Also typical characteristics of that model are not present, but instead the propagation shows a constant roll-off in dBs per decade, which slope is increasing with frequency. A regression curve could be established, and constants filled in. This statistical information may be used for building an accumulation model to lay a causality between source powers, source densities, and local Man-Made Noise levels.

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confidence: 99%

“…Here with "propagation loss" we only consider the effect of roll-off with distance of the field strength. Transmission loss as defined in[18] also takes into account the aperture of the receiving antenna, which is frequency dependent. It is defined as a ratio between the radiated power, ierp, and the received power from the lossless receiving antenna.…”

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confidence: 99%

Propagation Measurements and Analysis on MF and HF Bands in Urban Areas in The Netherlands

Fockens

Vogt-Ardatjew

Leferink

2022

IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.

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“…In addition, due to the various types of terrain that can be encountered in rural areas (mountains, jungle, desert, etc. ), different propagation models apply in different scenarios when wireless communications are used [17][18][19], which further complicates wireless network planning.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020

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Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main

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“…In addition, due to the various types of terrain that can be encountered in rural areas (mountains, jungle, desert, etc. ), different propagation models apply in different scenarios when wireless communications are used [13,14,15], which further complicates wireless network planning.…”

Section: Abbreviations 1dmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2019

Preprint

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DRAFT 4) Hyper Connected: This scenario corresponds to people enjoying state-of-the-art connectivity, e.g., at least 4G and possibly 5G cellular connectivity, and/or with high speed fixed DSL or FTTH or FTTN connectivity. These subscribers typically live in urban areas, and it is extremely difficult to find them in rural areas, due to the numerous barriers discussed previously. This paper surveys the literature aiming to provide basic connectivity to the unconnected population, or aiming to increase the connectivity level of those with basic connectivity ("Under Hence, the challenges for FSO in space are less critical, and indeed significantly better performance can be achieved, especially due to the fact that the optical signal is not traversing the atmosphere. In 2008, an optical inter-satellite link achieved a data rate transmission of 5.6 Gbps for distances up to 5, 000 km in the European Data Relay satellite System (EDRS). Newer terminals can transmit at a data rate of 1.8 Gbps for distances up to 45, 000 km. The intersatellite Ka band link achieved 300 Mbps [44]. In EDRS, LEO satellites relay the data from ground stations to GEO satellites using FSO for the GEO-LEO satellite communication, and RF bands for communication with the ground stations (similarly to the satellite-satellite Ka link, the satellite-ground Ka link achieved 300 Mbps) [44]. Some of the recent satellite constellations discussed in Section II-E, e.g., Starlink, are also expected to use FSO for its inter-satellite communication [45,46,47]. D. HAPs/Drones/UAVs/BalloonsTo solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [48].UAVs are proposed in [49] to provide backhaul connectivity for ground 5G base stations. A steering algorithm to allow the antennas of the UAV and the ground BS to be dynamically steered towards each other is proposed in [49], and tested via an experimental setup. In[50], a multihop network of HAPs is proposed for providing backhaul connectivity to TVWS deployments in rural areas. The HAPs communicate with each other using mmWave frequencies, and with the ground stations using FSO.An interference alignment scheme to maximize the sum-rate capacity of HAPs communicating with GSs is proposed in [51]. The scheme assumes M HAP drones and N GSs, with no CSI at the HAPs. A tethered balloon with (M − 1) × (N − 1) antennas is used as a decode and forward (DF) relay with half-duplex operation: The HAPs transmit their data to the GSs first, then the tethered balloon relays the data after performing pre-coding [51].Aerostats filled with lighter than air gas are tethered to the ground and used to provide connectivity to rural areas in [52]. Although these tethered aerostats can be used to provide backhaul connectivity by communicating with each other using directive antennas, they were also used in [52] to provide fronthaul WiFi access by using high gain omnidirectional antennas.

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Rural and urban groundwave propagation in a desert environment

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Propagation Measurements and Analysis on MF and HF Bands in Urban Areas in The Netherlands

Propagation Measurements and Analysis on MF and HF Bands in Urban Areas in The Netherlands

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity—Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

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