Rural Child Labour: Views of Extension Agents in Ethiopia

Household resources and seasonal patterns of child growth in rural Timor‐Leste

“…A further consideration relating to a subsistence agriculture setting and household labor is the contribution of children to household productivity (Kramer, ; Murray, ). If children under nutrient‐restricted conditions have a high level of physical activity, their energy available for growth is limited further.…”

“…Increased morbidity and mortality may exacerbate this effect by reducing adults available to work. In many subsistence populations, children contribute productively to the household at a young age (Kramer, ; Murray, ); however, the relationship between child work and growth in this context is not clear. Illness rates in subsistence populations also show seasonal patterns, with peaks of several illnesses, particularly diarrhea, during the hungry season (Chen et al, ).…”

“…The household is an economic unit of production and consumption (Becker, ), wherein resources are acquired by producers, and are allocated among all household members, both producers and consumers. In subsistence populations, children often begin to work to the household benefit at an early age (Kramer, ; Murray, ); however, due to their high energy needs for growth and development, they mostly rely on other members for resources.…”

Smallholder Farmers and Climate Smart Agriculture: Technology and Labor-productivity Constraints amongst Women Smallholders in Malawi

“…Selling cash crops is predominantly men's task, even when processing is done by all household members (men, women, boys, and girls). Gender divisions of labor also relate to children (Murray, 2013). For instance, in Malawi our research indicates that girls typically assist in household tasks and food production, while boys assist in construction.…”

Topic Guide: Women’s empowerment in a changing agricultural and rural context

“…21 Although checklists are useful for those negotiating, so are examples of what has worked, along with warnings about the consequences of inaction. At the very least policies require monitoring and assessment to keep track of unintended consequences -negative or positive for women and girls (Murray, 2013a). Lindström and Ling (2013) provide a framework for setting up a 21 See Guidance such as World Bank (2011);Budlender & Hewitt, (2003) monitoring system, giving examples from the work of the Agricultural Learning and Impacts Network (ALINe).…”