Rural outmigration - feminization - agricultural production nexus: Case of Vietnam

Bacud, Eva Salve T.; Puskur, Ranjitha; Duyen, Tran Nhat Lam; Sander, Bjoern Ole; Luis, Joyce

doi:10.1080/21632324.2019.1679962

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Since labor constraints increase with climate change, it will be important to consider these increased labor costs in cost-benefit analysis and the implementation of diversification strategies. Recommended practices to diversify farm systems under climate change should therefore minimize extra labor, more so because of growing labor-scarcity due to rural-urban migration (Bacud et al, 2019). This fits well to the existing lesson in scaling agroecology to promote effective and straightforward agroecological practices (Holt-Giménez, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Decision-Making to Diversify Farm Systems for Climate Change Adaptation

Zonneveld¹,

Turmel

Hellin

2020

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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On-farm diversification is a promising strategy for farmers to adapt to climate change. However, few recommendations exist on how to diversify farm systems in ways that best fit the agroecological and socioeconomic challenges farmers face. Farmers' ability to adopt diversification strategies is often stymied by their aversion to risk, loss of local knowledge, and limited access to agronomic and market information, this is especially the case for smallholders. We outline seven steps on how practitioners and researchers in agricultural development can work with farmers in decision-making about on-farm diversification of cropping, pasture, and agroforestry systems while taking into account these constraints. These seven steps are relevant for all types of farmers but particularly for smallholders in tropical and subtropical regions. It is these farmers who are usually most vulnerable to climate change and who are, subsequently, often the target of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) interventions. Networks of agricultural innovation provide an enabling environment for on-farm diversification. These networks connect farmers and farmer organizations with local, national, or international private companies, public organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and research institutes. These actors can work with farmers to develop diversified production systems incorporating both high-value crops and traditional food production systems. These diversified farm systems with both food and cash crops act as a safety net in the event of price fluctuations or other disruptions to crop value chains. In this way, farmers can adapt their farm systems to climate change in ways that provide greater food security and improved income.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Decision-Making to Diversify Farm Systems for Climate Change Adaptation

Zonneveld¹,

Turmel

Hellin

2020

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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“…Causal factors driving labor migration can be compared across contemporary South and Southeast Asia. Labor migration is dominated by men and triggered by a combination of economic, environmental and land pressures [5][6][7][8][9][10]. However, when examining the consequences of men's migration for women who stay behind on farms, gender studies often reach two contrasting outcomes: increased decision-making power in the absence of the husband [11,12], or increased workload and reduced opportunities to acquire salaried work [7,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Labor migration is dominated by men and triggered by a combination of economic, environmental and land pressures [5][6][7][8][9][10]. However, when examining the consequences of men's migration for women who stay behind on farms, gender studies often reach two contrasting outcomes: increased decision-making power in the absence of the husband [11,12], or increased workload and reduced opportunities to acquire salaried work [7,13]. Studies on the impacts of women's migration are scarce, and tend to focus on the use of remittances [14,15], rather than those left behind.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the “Strong Arms” Leave the Farms—Migration, Gender Roles and Risk Reduction in Vietnam

Simelton¹,

Duong²,

Houzer³

2021

Sustainability

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For many family farms, migration is one strategy for reducing poverty and vulnerability to both natural hazards and economic risk. While more men typically migrate to work, the implications of this on the household are inconclusive, especially for the women who remain on the farms. This study employs a gender lens to examine the effects of economically driven migration on household decision-making, farm labor and disaster risk reduction, focusing on two disaster-prone regions with high poverty rates in Vietnam: Dien Bien (Northwest) and Ha Tinh (North Central Coast) provinces. Surveys of 228 households with at least one migrant worker showed a new generation of young male and female migrants, and that men over 30 years of age migrated for longer periods and more frequently than their spouses. Intrahousehold impacts differed according to risk strategies. In areas with a lower-risk coping strategy (Dien Bien), seasonal jobs coincided with periods of less intense farming activities. During the absence of male family members, women temporarily made more domestic decisions. In areas with a higher-risk adaptation strategy (Ha Tinh), farming was planned for longer absences; thus decisions remained largely unchanged. Remittances invested into agriculture contributed to shortening the recovery period after disasters and, in some cases, diversifying farming systems. The migrant’s absence was offset by relatives and neighbors as essential labor reserves. New resilient farming systems need to be disaster proof, gender-sensitive and free up labor.

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“…Conversely, social changes are those associated with immaterial or intangible values [44] such as change in relationship among family members or community groups [45,46]. Several studies, in Vietnam and in other developing countries, have also explored the phenomenon of "feminisation" of agriculture driven by the migration of rural male labourers accessing non-farm opportunities (e.g., [13,[47][48][49][50]). This migration has generally added labour burdens on women and affected their chances to engage in income generating activities.…”

Section: Impact Beyond Economy-research Need For Sustainable Rural Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Livelihood diversification is "an active social process of an individual or household to maintain or continuously adapt to diverse income opportunities to secure livelihood and improve living standards" [11]. The push factors in rural areas of Asian developing countries could relate to household's economy, such as low and unstable income from farm activities [12][13][14][15], severe impacts of climate uncertainty or climate-related hazards on crop productivity or loss [16,17], or land pressures for example limited lands driven by increasing population [12,13,18]. The pull factors could relate to, e.g., the growth of labour-intensive industries and urban service sector [13,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Farm Activities and Impacts beyond the Economy of Rural Households in Vietnam: A Review and Link to Policies

Mulia¹,

Simelton²,

Tân³

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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Rural households in Asian developing countries such as Vietnam have been participating in non-farm activities for decades, yet impacts beyond the economy of these households are little understood. Using evidence from available literature and two case studies from rural Vietnam, this paper exposes a range of socio-cultural impacts of non-farm activities. An increased social tension driven by a widening economic gap between poor and better-off households or ethnic majority and minority groups was the most frequently reported impact in the literature. The case studies reveal additional impacts, notably those associated with public security, preservation of local culture, and safety of farm households with migrants during and following climate-related disasters. An increasing number of young migrants who exited family farms to access non-farm jobs partially led to the latter two impacts. The rural development and poverty reduction policies of Vietnam enacted in the past two decades (2000–2020) that promoted livelihood diversification had limited measures addressing socio-cultural impacts of non-farm activities. An amendment of these two categories of policies for the implementation beyond 2020 or a strengthened synergy in implementation with other categories of policy such as social policies is necessary to ensure sustainable rural development in Vietnam.

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Rural outmigration - feminization - agricultural production nexus: Case of Vietnam

Cited by 10 publications

References 43 publications

Decision-Making to Diversify Farm Systems for Climate Change Adaptation

Decision-Making to Diversify Farm Systems for Climate Change Adaptation

When the “Strong Arms” Leave the Farms—Migration, Gender Roles and Risk Reduction in Vietnam

Non-Farm Activities and Impacts beyond the Economy of Rural Households in Vietnam: A Review and Link to Policies

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