“…From the energy structure perspective, farming households in PPA were mainly dependent on cow manure, accounting for 90.10% of their total energy consumption, while the main energy sources for FPA were coal (49.80%) and firewood (40.06%), and in FA it was straw (50.30%) ( Figure 2). Previous studies also found that the pastoralists in Qinghai and Tibet used yak dung and sheep fecal pellets as their main energy sources [32], even though a study on China's rural energy structure found that the proportions of straw, firewood, biogas, coal, oil, LPG, electricity, and solar energy in rural residential energy consumption shifted from, respectively, 49.36%, 30.99%, 0.25%, 18.12%, 0.38%, 0.004%, 0.83%, and 0.08% in 1991 to 35.71%, 20.19%, 3.31%, 17.55%, 4.85%, 2.61%, 11.90%, and 3.87% in 2014 [33]. In our research, we found that the proportion using commercial energy (coal and electricity) among PFH, HCO, and NFH showed an upward trend, accounting for 9.9%, 27.81%, and 48.41%, respectively.…”