Rural revival? The rise in internal migration to rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Who moved and Where?

González‐Leonardo, Miguel; Rowe, Francisco; Fresolone-Caparrós, Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.11.006

Cited by 68 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This pattern of wide-scale movement from urban areas driving early spread of the virus has previously been identified using genomic methods in both HICs (e.g., France [7]) and regions of lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) (e.g., Gujarat, India [4]). As such, in conjunction with this previous research, our study's findings may further support the notion that population size/density and mass human movements were generally important drivers of within-country spread during this stage of the pandemic, regardless of country wealth [74].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Genomic epidemiology of early SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in Bangladesh

Carnegie,

McCrone,

du Plessis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Genomic epidemiology has helped reconstruct the global and regional movement of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, there is still a lack of understanding of SARS-CoV-2 spread in some of the worlds least developed countries (LDCs). Methods: To begin to address this disparity, we studied the transmission dynamics of the virus in Bangladesh during the countrys first COVID-19 wave by analysing case reports and whole-genome sequences from all eight divisions of the country. Results: We detected >50 virus introductions to the country during the period, including during a period of national lockdown. Additionally, through discrete phylogeographic analyses, we identified that geographical distance and population -density and/or -size influenced virus spatial dispersal in Bangladesh. Conclusions: Overall, this study expands our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 genomic epidemiology in Bangladesh, shedding light on crucial transmission characteristics within the country, while also acknowledging resemblances and differences to patterns observed in other nations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Genomic epidemiology of early SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in Bangladesh

Carnegie,

McCrone,

du Plessis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…In the United States, for instance, young adults aged 20 and 40 tend to be over‐represented in Meta‐Facebook data, while population over the age of 60 appear to be consistently underrepresented (Ribeiro et al, 2020 ). Yet, these biases do not seem to change our conclusions as these patterns of user representation concur with the mobility age schedule, with high intensity of mobility during young adult ages and gradually decreasing with ageing (Rogers et al, 1978 ), and given evidence of an increase in internal migration numbers from large cities has been recorded across the age spectrum during COVID‐19 in Spain (González‐Leonardo, Rowe, et al, 2022 ). Meta‐Facebook data are representative of such age profile predominantly comprising young adult ages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…However, preliminary evidence suggests that population movements during the pandemic have been over relatively short distances. Evidence from the United States and Spain suggests that most of the movement from large cities during the pandemic has been to their suburbs, as opposed to smaller, remote cities and towns (González‐Leonardo, Rowe, et al, 2022 ; Hughes, 2020 ). Yet, some city leavers also appear to have moved to neighbouring areas, second residences, holiday destinations and other cities (Kolko et al, 2021 ; Paybarah et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban exodus? Understanding human mobility in Britain during the COVID‐19 pandemic using Meta‐Facebook data

Rowe

Calafiore

Arribas‐Bel

et al. 2022

Population Space and Place

Self Cite

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Existing empirical work has focused on assessing the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions on human mobility to contain the spread of COVID‐19. Less is known about the ways in which the COVID‐19 pandemic has reshaped the spatial patterns of population movement within countries. Anecdotal evidence of an urban exodus from large cities to rural areas emerged during early phases of the pandemic across western societies. Yet, these claims have not been empirically assessed. Traditional data sources, such as censuses offer coarse temporal frequency to analyse population movement over infrequent time intervals. Drawing on a data set of 21 million observations from Meta‐Facebook users, we aim to analyse the extent and evolution of changes in the spatial patterns of population movement across the rural–urban continuum in Britain over an 18‐month period from March 2020 to August 2021. Our findings show an overall and sustained decline in population movement during periods of high stringency measures, with the most densely populated areas reporting the largest reductions. During these periods, we also find evidence of higher‐than‐average mobility from high‐density population areas to low‐density areas, lending some support to claims of large‐scale population movements from large cities. Yet, we show that these trends were temporary. Overall mobility levels trended back to precoronavirus levels after the easing of nonpharmaceutical interventions. Following these interventions, we found a reduction in movement to low‐density areas and a rise in mobility to high‐density agglomerations. Overall, these findings reveal that while COVID‐19 generated shock waves leading to temporary changes in the patterns of population movement in Britain, the resulting vibrations have not significantly reshaped the prevalent structures in the national pattern of population movement. As of 2021, internal population movements sit at an intermediate level between those observed pre‐ and early phases of the pandemic.

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“…Yet, we know that for Britain, some effects have persisted with higher levels of out‐mobility from high‐population density areas in 2021. Emerging evidence from Spain points to a persistent pattern of high levels of in‐migration to rural areas and out‐migration from cities (González‐Leonardo et al, 2022). In any case, more evidence is needed and future work should seek to establish the extent of persistence of changes to migration levels and patterns during 2020.…”

Section: Concluding Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual special issue: Internal migration in times of COVID‐19

Rowe

González‐Leonardo

Champion

2023

Population Space and Place

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The COVID-19 pandemic has potentially altered the system of population movement around the world. As COVID-19 hit cities the hardest in the wake of the pandemic, apocalyptic headlines anticipated the 'death of cities'. Yet, little was known about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cities and the ways it has shaped the patterns of internal population movement in and out of cities. This virtual special issue aims to consolidate our knowledge of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on internal migration, discuss key lessons we have learnt so far, and identify areas for future enquiry. It brings together evidence from six different countries: Australia, Germany, Japan, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom, covering the pandemic in varying temporal lengths. Systematic patterns emerge. A first commonality is anoverall reduction of internal migration rates during the early days of the pandemic but to a lesser degree than expected. Second, the impacts of COVID-19 leading to out-migration from cities seem to have been temporary, though evidence from Spain and Britain points to scarring effects with persistent losses in highly dense areas. Third, changes in internal migration generated small impacts on the population structure of cities but largescale changes in small, rural and low-density areas.

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Rural revival? The rise in internal migration to rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Who moved and Where?

Cited by 68 publications

References 24 publications

Genomic epidemiology of early SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in Bangladesh

Genomic epidemiology of early SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in Bangladesh

Urban exodus? Understanding human mobility in Britain during the COVID‐19 pandemic using Meta‐Facebook data

Virtual special issue: Internal migration in times of COVID‐19

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