Rural-urban differences on the rates and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Nigeria: further analysis of the Nigeria demographic and health survey, 2013

Abstract

BackgroundThis study investigates and compares the rates and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) within one hour of birth in rural and urban Nigeria.MethodsData from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were analyzed. The rates of EIBF were reported using frequency tabulation. Associated factors were examined using Chi-Square test and further assessed on multivariable logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe rates of EIBF were 30.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 29.0, 32.6) and 41.9% (95% CI 39.6, 44.3) in rural and urban residences, respectively (p < 0.001). The North-Central region had the highest EIBF rates both in rural (43.5%) and urban (63.5%) residences. Greater odds of EIBF in rural residence were significantly associated with higher birth order (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.29, 95% CI 1.10, 1.60), large birth size (AOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10, 1.60), and health facility delivery (AOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.23, 1.72). Rural mothers in the rich wealth index, not working and whose husbands obtained at least a secondary school education had significantly higher odds of early initiation of breastfeeding. Regardless of residence, greater odds of EIBF were significantly associated with non-cesarean delivery (Rural AOR 3.50, 95% CI 1.84, 6.62; Urban AOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.60, 3.80) and living in North-Central (Rural AOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.34, 2.52; Urban AOR 4.40, 95% CI 3.15, 6.15) region. Also, higher odds of EIBF were significantly associated with living in North-East (Rural AOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.05, 2.08; Urban AOR 3.50, 95% CI 2.55, 4.83), South-South (Rural AOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.11, 2.10; Urban AOR 2.84, 95% CI 2.03, 3.97) and North-West (Urban residence only AOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.54, 2.80) regions.ConclusionsRural-urban differences in the rates and factors associated with EIBF exist in Nigeria with rural residence having significantly lower rates. Intervention efforts which address the risk factors identified in this study may contribute to improved EIBF rates. Efforts need to prioritize rural mothers generally, (particularly, those in rural North-West region) as well as mothers in urban South-West region of Nigeria.

Timely initiation of breastfeeding in Zimbabwe: evidence from the demographic and health surveys 1994–2015

“…The finding on the timely initiation of breastfeeding in this study is comparable with that of other studies [9,16]. However, the prevalence of timely initiation of breastfeeding in this study is lower than that of similar studies [14,15], and higher than findings in other studies [16][17][18][19]. Also, the prevalence of timely initiation of breastfeeding reported in this study generally is well above the 50% target of timely initiation of breastfeeding recommended by WHO to be achieved by all countries by 2025 [20].…”

“…Nonetheless, since the survey was selfreported, there is the possibility of recall bias. Also, given the secondary nature of the data we used, we had no control over the measurement and selection of variables which led to the omission of variables such as marital status of mother, mode of delivery, place of delivery, mother's use of ANC services, ethnicity, mother's ownership of a house and mother's occupation which have been shown to influence the practice of timely initiation of breastfeeding elsewhere [9,17,18,22,23].…”

Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Peru: analysis of the 2018 Demographic and Family Health Survey

“…The following independent variables were included in the analysis: age of the woman in years (15-24, 25-34, or 35-49), marital status (never married, separated/divorced/widowed, or married/ cohabiting), level of education (no formal school/primary, secondary, or higher), wealth index quintiles (poorest, poorer, middle, richer, or richest), region of residence (Peru is divided into 3 regions: the coastal region, near the Pacific coastal line [including Lima, the country's capital city]; the highlands region of the Andes; and the jungle, where the Amazon rainforest is located), place of residence (urban or rural), cesarean section (yes or no), place of delivery (private health facility, public health facility, or other), birth order (first, second or third, or fourth or higher), size of the child at birth (small, medium, or large), sex of the newborn (female or male), type of pregnancy (multiple or single), number of prenatal visits (0-3, 4-7, or 8 or more), utilization of breastfeeding training (yes or no), ethnic self-identification (White/mixed-race/ other, Native, or Black/Brown/Zambo), and head of the household (yes or no). The selection and inclusion of these variables was based on an epidemiological criterion and on variables reported in previous ENDES-based studies [19][20][21][22][23].…”

The relationship between caesarean section and breastfeeding: evidence from the 2013 Turkey demographic and health survey

“…Bivariate analysis in the present study shows that there is a significant relationship between place of residence and non-EBF (43.0% of the non-EBF women lived in urban areas, versus 33.9% in rural areas [P = 0.033]), while there isn't a significant relationship between place of residence and non-EIBF ( Table 2). Adewuyi et al (19) and Pandey et al (26) reported that the non-EIBF rate is lower in women from rural residences, based on DHSs. The significance of the relationship between place of residence and non-EBF in the present study disappeared in multivariate analysis.…”

“…Mode of delivery is among the factors that play an important role in breastfeeding practices. C/S can negatively affect the physiology of lactation and can cause adverse events that hinder maternal contact with the neonate, resulting in intolerable post-surgical maternal pain and an increase in the level of need for intensive care required by neonates, both of which can negatively affect breastfeeding (10,14,(18)(19)(20). The present study's multivariate analysis indicates that maternal level of education, residential region and mode of delivery are significantly related to non-EIBF and that mode of delivery has a significant relationship with non-EBF.…”