Rural–urban migrants’ remittance and agricultural pollution in the presence of agricultural dualism

Human Capital, Migration and Remittance in Developing Countries: A General Equilibrium Approach

“…Second, we do not consider environmental issue. Pollution may affect migration decision and also exert an impact on remittance [18].…”

“…Funkhouser [12] proposes a simply behavioral model of remittances based on altruism and concludes that remittance is determined by human capital, household income, further intention, other migrants' remittance, and discount factor. However, most theoretical papers on remittance are treated the remittance as an exogenous variable and examine the effect of remittance on economy (McCormick and Wahba, [13][14][15][16]2,17,18].…”

Agricultural and Manufacturing Pollution: Labor Health and Technology Progress

“…The harmful substances emitted, such as waste gas, residue, pollute water and soil for agricultural use through atmosphere, rivers and other media, exerting negative effects on agricultural production. The recent studies can be referred to Li and Zhou [2] Wu and Li [3], Li and Fu [4] and Fu and Li [5]. Li and Zhou [2] considered an economy consisting of three sectors: the rural agricultural sector, the urban producer services sector, and the urban manufacturing sector.…”

“…They concluded that when modern agricultural capital occupies a certain proportion in the economy, international factor inflows can improve the environment of developing countries, so it is possible for international factor flows to be compatible with the environmental problems of developing countries. Fu and Li [5] established an open general equilibrium model containing three sectors to study the impact of international capital and labor mobility on the environment of developing countries under the development of modern agriculture, and concluded that for a developing economy like China with both agricultural dual structure and urban-rural dual economy, The conclusion that policies that encourage migrant workers to increase their remittance rates can increase production and national welfare in the agricultural sector, thereby reducing agricultural pollution. Li and Fu [6] believe that private mitigation is an instinctive response of people to environmental pollution, so they study the issue of wage inequality and unemployment rate from the perspective of agricultural pollution.…”