A British political scientist examines a variety of transnational influences on the transition from Communism in Europe. Attention is devoted to Western influences on Eastern Europe, the impact of the West on Soviet decision-makers, the influence of East European countries on each other, and the significance of transformative change in the Soviet Union for the East European transitions. The author explores the relative impact of each factor on different aspects of the transitions.T he transition from Communism, it hardly needs saying, has to be distinguished from transition to democracy. Of the twenty-eight for merly Communist states, fewer than half of them can today be firmly categorized as democratic. 3 Many possess significant democratic elements, including contested elections-a necessary but not sufficient condition for democracy. A number of them are hybrid or mixed polities -a category in which it is reasonable to include Russia (Brown, 1999a;Brown, 1999b;Shevtsova, 1997). Others have made the transition from a distinctively Communist type of post-totalitarian authoritarianism to a different kind of authoritarian regime. The criteria for determining how much democracy