Russian VX

Radilov, A. S.; Rembovskiy, Vladimir; Rybal’chenko, I. V.; Savelieva, Elena; Podolskaya, Е. P.; Babakov, Vladimir; Ermolaeva, E. E.; Dulov, Sergey; Кузнецов, С. В.; Mindukshev, Igor; Shpak, Alexey; Krasnov, Ilia; Khlebnikova, N. S.; Jenkins, Richard O.; Гончаров, Н. В.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374484-5.00007-9

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 75 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Regarding the counterterrorism aspect, detection of a vapor level 1/100 of the median lethal concentration for human exposure (LC 50 ) within 1 min was taken as the measurement criterion. The LC 50 values were obtained from the LCt 50 (median lethal dosage) values, except for those of RVX and CL, CG, and PS, which were by calculation LC 50 = LCt 50 / t ( t = 1 min). The acute human toxicity of GF vapor is similar to that for GD, so the LC 50 for GF can be regarded as the same as that for GD, or 70–100 mg/m 3 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a Defined as the concentration giving an ion signal of 3σ BG , where σ BG is the standard deviation of the background signal measured for the laboratory air. b Short-term exposure limit/time-weighted average (in ref ). c Time-weighted average (in ref ). d Fifty percent lethal concentration for 1 min of exposure for humans (in ref except for GF, RVX, CL, and PS). e Assumed to be the same as that for GD. f Reference . g False-positive rate by gasoline vapor [(μg/m 3 of CWA)/(mg/m 3 of gasoline)]. ND = not detected. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sensitive and Comprehensive Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents in Air by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Introduction

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A highly sensitive and specific real-time field-deployable detection technology, based on counterflow air introduction atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, has been developed for a wide range of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) comprising gaseous (two blood agents, three choking agents), volatile (six nerve gases and one precursor agent, five blister agents), and nonvolatile (three lachrymators, three vomiting agents) agents in air. The approach can afford effective chemical ionization, in both positive and negative ion modes, for ion trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry (MS(n)). The volatile and nonvolatile CWAs tested provided characteristic ions, which were fragmented into MS(3) product ions in positive and negative ion modes. Portions of the fragment ions were assigned by laboratory hybrid mass spectrometry (MS) composed of linear ion trap and high-resolution mass spectrometers. Gaseous agents were detected by MS or MS(2) in negative ion mode. The limits of detection for a 1 s measurement were typically at or below the microgram per cubic meter level except for chloropicrin (submilligram per cubic meter). Matrix effects by gasoline vapor resulted in minimal false-positive signals for all the CWAs and some signal suppression in the case of mustard gas. The moisture level did influence the measurement of the CWAs.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive and Comprehensive Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents in Air by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Introduction

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In toxicology, the problem of (pseudo) esterase activity of albumin with respect to organophosphates (OPs)—esters of phosphoric or phosphonic acids—is of great importance. The sites for the formation of covalent adducts of OPs with albumin—Tyr411 and Tyr150 [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]—have been established. In addition to (pseudo) esterase activity, albumin exhibits peroxidase activity against hydroperoxides of lipids [ 29 , 30 , 31 ] and many other activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Albumin Binding and Esterase Activity: Mechanistic Interactions with Organophosphates

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The albumin molecule, in contrast to many other plasma proteins, is not covered with a carbohydrate moiety and can bind and transport various molecules of endogenous and exogenous origin. The enzymatic activity of albumin, the existence of which many scientists perceive skeptically, is much less studied. In toxicology, understanding the mechanistic interactions of organophosphates with albumin is a special problem, and its solution could help in the development of new types of antidotes. In the present work, the history of the issue is briefly examined, then our in silico data on the interaction of human serum albumin with soman, as well as comparative in silico data of human and bovine serum albumin activities in relation to paraoxon, are presented. Information is given on the substrate specificity of albumin and we consider the possibility of its affiliation to certain classes in the nomenclature of enzymes.

show abstract

“…These agents are sub-classified into two main classes, the G-agents and the V-agents. The G-agents, such as sarin, are more volatile, making them less stable and less effective than the V-agents, such as VX ( Radilov et al, 2009 ). Given its low volatility, VX has a long environmental persistence, making it a more lethal agent.…”

Section: Nerve Agents–sarin and Vxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmic manifestations and management considerations for emerging chemical threats

Menke,

Ryu,

Justin

et al. 2023

Front. Toxicol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chemical agents have been utilized for centuries in warfare and pose a health threat to civilians and military personnel during armed conflict. Despite treaties and regulations against their use, chemical agent exposure remains a threat and measures to understand their effects and countermeasures for systemic and organ-specific health are needed. Many of these agents have ocular complications, both acute and chronic. This mini-review focuses on key chemical agents including vesicants (mustards, lewisite), nerve agents (sarin, VX), knockdown gasses (hydrogen cyanide), and caustics (hydrofluoric acid). Their ophthalmic manifestations and appropriate treatment are emphasized. Acute interventions include removal of the source and meticulous decontamination, as well as normalization of pH to 7.2–7.4 if alteration of the ocular pH is observed. Besides vigorous lavage, acute therapies may include topical corticosteroids and non-steroid anti-inflammatory therapies. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and strict donning and doffing protocols to avoid healthcare provider exposure are also paramount in the acute setting. For more severe disease, corneal transplantation, amniotic membrane graft, and limbal stem cell transplantation may be needed. Orbital surgery may be required in patients in whom cicatricial changes of the ocular surface have developed, leading to eyelid malposition. Multidisciplinary care teams are often required to handle the full spectrum of findings and consequences associated with emerging chemical threats.

show abstract

Russian VX

Cited by 13 publications

References 75 publications

Sensitive and Comprehensive Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents in Air by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Introduction

Sensitive and Comprehensive Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents in Air by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Introduction

Serum Albumin Binding and Esterase Activity: Mechanistic Interactions with Organophosphates

Ophthalmic manifestations and management considerations for emerging chemical threats

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About