“…Apart from the above-mentioned composites of Ru metal with other metals, phosphides, and oxides, among others, Ru metal can also be loaded on various functional carbon substrates, generating Ru–C hybrids, which have been extensively reported as extraordinarily high-activity HER electrocatalysts in the pH-universal electrolytes. ,− In these composites, carbon-based supports, including reduced graphene oxide (RGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanosheet, porous carbon, XC-72 Vulcan carbon, and so on, show many advantages, which are summarized below. ,− First, carbon materials generally have super conductivity, which decreases the electrical resistance among active species . Second, carbon substrates with the ultrahigh specific area can avoid the agglomeration of Ru nanocrystals and accordingly obtain uniform and highly dispersed fine Ru particles .…”