A library
of pyridyl- and picolyl-substituted imidazolium salts
have been synthesized and coordinated to copper, via transmetalation
from silver(I)–N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), to prepare several
copper(I)– and copper(II)–NHC complexes. The copper(I)–NHCs
are
complexes of the type Cu(NHC)Br, with the solid-state structures revealing
a variety of coordination environments around the copper centers.
The stability of the copper(II) complexes is particularly unusual,
given the absence of a “hard” anionic tethering group
appended to the ligands. The stability has been attributed to the
pyridyl substituent, with the complexes being extremely stable, while
those with an appended anionic group tend to be more sensitive to
air/moisture. The ligands and complexes have been examined in an Ullmann-type
etherification reaction and exhibit improved activity in comparison
to copper in the absence of a ligand or the common Cu(I)–NHC
complexes Cu(IMes)Cl and [Cu(IMes)2]PF6, indicating
stabilization of higher oxidation state species by the ligands during
the catalytic cycle.