Ruthenium tetroxide as a staining agent for unsaturated and saturated polymers

Vitali, Roberta; Montani, E.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(80)90091-9

Cited by 57 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The PMMA is less reactive to RuO 4 and appears transparent, thus brighter in the images. The PBA rubbery phase is crosslinked by staining which allows cutting at room temperature [53]. The stained samples were then sectioned perpendicular to their surface with an ultramicrotome 2088 Ultrotome V (LKB) equipped with a Diatome diamond knife at a cutting rate of 1 mm/s.…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopy (Tem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

From equilibrium lamellae to out-of-equilibrium cylinders in triblock copolymer nanolayers obtained via multilayer coextrusion

Montana

Roland

Richaud

et al. 2018

Polymer

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. b s t r a c tMultilayer coextrusion was used to obtain nanolayered films of self-assembled commercial triblock copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate-b-butyl acrylate-b-methyl methacrylate) (MAM) confined by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The MAM layer thickness was varied from 30 nm to 500 nm (i.e. roughly 1 to 15e20 nanodomains) by changing either the number of multiplying elements or the chill roll draw ratio. The as-extruded triblock morphology within the layers was identified as cylindrical using transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Surprisingly, this differs from the lamellar morphology identified at equilibrium in bulk and thin films for this triblock. Moreover, as the triblock layer thickness is decreased, the triblock morphology is constrained into a preferential orientation. Slightly different packings were observed on films with similar layer thicknesses but achieved with different processing routes. This one-step and industrially scalable method allowing long-range control of the self-assembly is of interest for engineering applications with large quantity of materials needed.

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Section: Transmission Electron Microscopy (Tem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

From equilibrium lamellae to out-of-equilibrium cylinders in triblock copolymer nanolayers obtained via multilayer coextrusion

Montana

Roland

Richaud

et al. 2018

Polymer

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“…Figure shows the morphologies of HDPE/E‐co‐OO7 blends, HDPE/SMB blends, and HDPE/PEwax blends observed by TEM. The specimens were stained with RuO 4 vapors, which favored the staining of amorphous regions . Therefore, the dark regions in TEM micrograph indicated silicone phase and amorphous PE phase, while the bright regions represented crystalline PE phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specimens were stained with RuO 4 vapors, which favored the staining of amorphous regions. [19] Therefore, the dark regions in TEM micrograph indicated silicone phase and amorphous PE phase, while the bright regions represented crystalline PE phase. There were few stained black spots observed in the pure HDPE matrix, as seen in Figure 10a.…”

Section: Surface Properties Of Hdpe/e-co-oo7 Blendsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of Octyltetramethyldisiloxane‐Containing Ethylene Copolymers as Composite Lubricant for High‐Density Polyethylene

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2016

Macro Materials & Eng

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A series of octyltetramethyldisiloxane‐containing ethylene copolymers, poly(ethylene‐co‐OO7) (abbreviated as E‐co‐OO7), are prepared from vanadium catalyzed copolymerization of ethylene with 1‐oct(7‐en)yl‐3‐octyl‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane (or OO7) macromonomer. The copolymers containing different silicone contents are employed as composite lubricants for high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The influences of the silicone content in the copolymer and that of the added copolymer amount in the blend on the bulk and surface properties of the blends are systematically investigated. The results show that E‐co‐OO7 exhibits superior overall performance in comparison with conventional lubricants silicone masterbatch and polyethylene wax. Compared to HDPE control, 10 wt% E‐co‐OO7 addition increases the melt flow rates by 49%, increases the elongation at break from 740 to 860%, increases the water‐contact angle from 90° up to 108°, lowers the coefficient of friction from 0.072 to 0.049, lowers the specific wear rate from 11 × 10−3 to 5.6 × 10−3 mm3 Nm−1. The impact strength and high temperature thermal stability are also slightly improved. The measured Si/C atomic ratios demonstrate the sufficient silicone enrichment on surface of the blends. E‐co‐OO7 with 23.5 SiOSi per 1000 C gives the best internal lubrication, and E‐co‐OO7 with 29.7 SiOSi per 1000 C gives the best external lubrication.

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“…The size, shape, and distribution of components in polymer blends is of primary importance for understanding and ultimately optimizing properties such as toughness, strength, adhesion, corrosion resistance, processibility, etc. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been widely used to characterize polymer blends (Dontelli et al 1974, Hassander 1985, Hassander and Tornell 1985, Lednicky and Pelzbauer 1987, Michler 1984, Sawyer and Grubb 1987, Trent et al 1982, Vitali and Montani 1980, Yeo and Oh 1982. Generally, one component is stained with a heavy metal such as osmium to enhance contrast and to add stability to the sample in the electron beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of polymer blends and block copolymers by conventional and low voltage SEM

Himelfarb

Labat

1990

Scanning

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Methods for characterizing block copolymers and polymer blends have been developed. Results from unstained and ruthenium tetroxide‐stained samples obtained by scanning electron microscopy at various acceleration voltage and by transmission electron microscopy are presented. The contrast in secondary images between components in stained polymer blends, where one component is preferentially stained, is maximized at higher acceleration voltage (10–25 keV). For measurement of particle size and shape, this is the preferred operating condition. To obtain high‐resolution images showing surface topography and fine structure, such as 20 nm domains in block copolymers, low‐voltage (<5 keV) imaging is preferred. Observation of the 20 nm domain structure in hydrogenated styrenebutadiene‐styrene shows that the spatial resolution now possible by scanning electron microscopy is comparable to that obtained by the traditional method of transmission electron microscopy.

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Ruthenium tetroxide as a staining agent for unsaturated and saturated polymers

Cited by 57 publications

References 2 publications

From equilibrium lamellae to out-of-equilibrium cylinders in triblock copolymer nanolayers obtained via multilayer coextrusion

From equilibrium lamellae to out-of-equilibrium cylinders in triblock copolymer nanolayers obtained via multilayer coextrusion

Evaluation of Octyltetramethyldisiloxane‐Containing Ethylene Copolymers as Composite Lubricant for High‐Density Polyethylene

Characterization of polymer blends and block copolymers by conventional and low voltage SEM

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