Rutin, a Flavonoid and Principal Component of Saussurea Involucrata, Attenuates Physical Fatigue in a Forced Swimming Mouse Model

Abstract

This study investigated the antifatigue effects of rutin, a flavonoid extracted from the ethyl acetate extract of S. involucrata. Mice were subjected to a weight-loaded forced swim test (WFST) on alternate days for 3 wk. Rutin was administered orally to the mice for 7 days in dosages of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg body weight, and several biomarkers of physical fatigue were evaluated: swimming time, change in body weight, lipid peroxidation, lactic acid (LA), glycogen, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). On Day 7, the rutin-treated mice had a 3-fold longer exhaustive swimming time than the control mice, as well as significantly reduced blood LA concentrations. The 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg body weight rutin-supplemented groups displayed 11.2%, 22.5%, and 37.7% reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, respectively, in brain and muscle tissues compared with the control exercised group. Our results indicated that the administration of rutin protected the mice against the depletion of SOD and GPx activities significantly. Following 7 days of rutin treatment, we sacrificed the mice and analyzed their soleus muscle and brain for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α coactivator (PGC-1α) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mRNA expression. We observed that rutin treatment increased PGC-1α and SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression. The changes in these markers of mitochondrial biogenesis were associated with increased maximal endurance capacity. The application of 2D gel electrophoresis to analyze the rutin-responsive protein profiles in the WFST mouse brain further revealed the upregulation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein 1, myelin basic protein, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) alpha, and TPI, indicating that rutin might inhibit anxiety through the upregulation of the expression of anxiety-associated proteins. Western blot analysis of MAPK expression further confirmed the antianxiety effects of rutin. Our study results thus indicate that rutin treatment ameliorates the various impairments associated with physical fatigue.

Troxerutin attenuates diet‐induced oxidative stress, impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory chain complexes in mice heart

“…TX being a derivative of rutin, can possibly improve mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC‐1α activation. A study that provides evidence of PGC‐1α activation by rutin in a forced swimming mouse model supports our perception …”

Medicinal Plants used during Antenatal Care by Pregnant Women in Eastern Uganda

“…A. spinosus has been shown to have laxative and bronchodilatory effects in vitro 47 . A. spinosus contains rutin 46 , which is widely acknowledged for its nutraceutical effects and several pharmacological effects 48 such as antifatigue 49 , immunostimulatory 50 among others. A. hybridus was shown to be very nutritious containing several vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid and tocopherol, in addition to 17 amino acids such as isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine among others 51 .…”

Anti-fatigue Properties of Icariin Isolated from Epimedium Brevicornum Maxim in Mice

“…Exhaustive exercise is often associated with an increase in the production of free radical and ROS in various tissues, which may overwhelm the capacity of the antioxidant defense systems, and oxidative stress occurs [13]. Accumulating evidence indicates that the accumulation of free radical and ROS are responsible for exercise-induced protein oxidation and contribute strongly to physical fatigue [14]. The primary antioxidant enzymes include SOD and GPx.…”