Rutin extraction from female Carica papaya Linn. using ultrasound and microwave-assisted extractive methods: Optimization and extraction efficiencies

A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Extraction Techniques for Retrieving Bioactive Components from Natural Sources

“…MAE is a relatively simple and straightforward extraction technique. It eliminates the need for complex setups and extended extraction times, making it convenient for laboratory and industrial applications . As MAE often requires lower temperatures and shorter extraction times, it can contribute to a reduction in energy consumption and the overall environmental impact of the extraction process .…”

“…The study revealed that at an optimum extraction time of 30 min, the maximum extraction yield obtained was 17.65% (w/ w) with a total phenol content of 76.40 mg/g. 9 On the contrary, in the study reported by Chew et al, 10 on the extraction of rutin from female carica papaya linn leaves. The The solid to solvent ratio (SS ratio) in MAE significantly influences the competence of bioactive compound extraction.…”

“…This optimized condition yielded higher levels of total anthocyanins (33.82 mg/g), total phenolics (200.37 mg/g), and total flavonoids (86.02 mg/g) compared to conventional solvent extraction method. The solid to solvent ratio had not only influenced the solubility of components but also facilitated efficient anthocyanin and flavonoid release from the matrix . This ratio significantly influences the interaction between the solvent and the matrix, affecting mass transfer rates and ultimately enhancing the extraction of valuable components.…”

“…The application of microwaves allows for rapid heating of the solvent and sample, leading to faster extraction kinetics that can result in higher yields of bioactive compounds compared to conventional extraction methods. , The use of microwaves often allows for extraction at lower temperatures, reducing the need for large amounts of solvents. This can contribute to the method’s environmental friendliness and decrease the overall cost of the extraction process . Microwaves can selectively target specific compounds based on their polarities and dielectric properties.…”

“…Microwaves can selectively target specific compounds based on their polarities and dielectric properties. This selectivity is advantageous for extracting target bioactive components while minimizing the extraction of unwanted compounds . The ability of MAE to control and limit the temperature during extraction helps in preserving thermally sensitive bioactive compounds that may degrade at higher temperatures .…”