S. haematobium as a Common Cause of Genital Morbidity in Girls: A Cross-sectional Study of Children in South Africa

Hegertun, Ingrid Elise Amlie; Gundersen, Kristin; Kleppa, Elisabeth; Zulu, Siphosenkosi Gift; Gundersen, Svein Gunnar; Taylor, Myra; Kvalsvig, Jane; Kjetland, Eyrun Floerecke

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002104

Cited by 76 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…All patients with unexplained haematuria should be asked about African exposure. Gynaecological presentations also occur including vulva schistosomiasis 5 and men may complain of haematospermia or lumpy semen. S haematobium causes almost all urogentital schistosomiasis, which carries a slightly increased risk of HIV transmission in discordant couples.…”

Section: Transmission/life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Schistosomiasis in non-endemic countries

Coltart

Whitty

2015

Clinical Medicine

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Schistosomiasis in non-endemic countriesSchistosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases of the tropics, causing acute and long-term clinical syndromes. Almost all schistosomiasis is now imported from subSaharan Africa. This article summarises the aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of schistosomiaisis for clinicians in non-endemic countries.Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is one of the major parasitic diseases of the tropics, with more than 240 million people in over 70 countries infected. 1 90% of these cases are in sub-Saharan Africa and almost all schistosomiasis seen in the UK is now imported from there. Rare cases are still imported from Asia and Latin America, although the incidence in these continents is reducing as a result of successful schistosomiasis control programmes, most notably in China.Schistosomiasis infection in returning travellers is one of the most common imported tropical infections with potentially serious acute and long-term complications. These complications are preventable if infection is identified early and treated. This article is written for clinicians in non-endemic countries where patients generally have light infections, and summarises the epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis Transmission/life cycleThe life cycle of the schistosomiasis fl uke is shown in Fig 1. Schistosomiasis infection invariably comes from contact with fresh water, usually by swimming or washing. Travellers may not remember their freshwater contact, so this is not a reliable screening question; in asymptomatic travellers from Africa, up to 11% have been reported as infected. 2,3 Two species of human schistosomiasis predominate; Schistosomiasis haematobium, which mainly affects the bladder and urogenital system, and S mansoni, which mainly affects the liver and gut. The much rarer species, which are S intercalatum, S japonicum and S mekongi, all present similarly to S mansoni, with the latter two being found in Asia.

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Section: Transmission/life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Schistosomiasis in non-endemic countries

Coltart

Whitty

2015

Clinical Medicine

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“…13 One third of the interviewed girls reported to have a history of genital symptoms, and multivariate regression analysis showed a significant association with the urine microscopy results. To avoid suboptimal diagnosis and not to miss light infections, intense microscopy was performed as generally recommended, which required repeated urine sample collection and examination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Schistosoma DNA in Small-Volume Urine Samples Reflects Focal Distribution of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Primary School Girls in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

Pillay¹,

Taylor²,

Zulu³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Schistosoma haematobium eggs and Schistosoma DNA levels were measured in urine samples from 708 girls recruited from 18 randomly sampled primary schools in South Africa. Microscopic analysis of two 10-mL urine subsamples collected on three consecutive days confirmed high day-to-day variation; 103 (14.5%) girls had positive results at all six examinations, and at least one positive sample was seen in 225 (31.8%) girls. Schistosoma-specific DNA, which was measured in a 200-μL urine subsample by using real-time polymerase chain reaction, was detected in 180 (25.4%) cases, and levels of DNA corresponded significantly with average urine egg excretion. In concordance with microscopic results, polymerase chain reaction results were significantly associated with history of gynecologic symptoms and confirmed highly focal distribution of urogenital schistosomiasis. Parasite-specific DNA detection has a sensitivity comparable to single urine microscopy and could be used as a standardized high-throughput procedure to assess distribution of urogenital schistosomiasis in relatively large study populations by using small sample volumes.

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“…Urological surgery is seldom required for rehabilitation. Genital disease may cause sexual dysfunction, facilitates human immunodeficiency virus transmission and promotes infertility in adolescents and young adults [17].…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%