S-methyl Methanethiosulfonate: Promising Late Blight Inhibitor or Broad Range Toxin?

Abstract

(1) Background: S-methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS), a sulfur containing volatile organic compound produced by plants and bacterial species, has recently been described to be an efficient anti-oomycete agent with promising perspectives for the control of the devastating potato late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. However, earlier work raised questions regarding the putative toxicity of this compound. To assess the suitability of MMTS for late blight control in the field, the present study thus aimed at evaluating the effect of MMTS on a wide range of non-target organisms in comparison to P. infestans. (2) Methods: To this end, we exposed P. infestans, as well as different pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, bacteria, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as well as the plant Arabidopsis thaliana to MMTS treatment and evaluated their response by means of in vitro assays. (3) Results: Our results showed that fungi (both mycelium and spores) tolerated MMTS better than the oomycete P. infestans, but that the compound nevertheless exhibited non-negligible toxic effects on bacteria, nematodes and plants. (4) Conclusions: We discuss the mode of action of MMTS and conclude that even though this compound might be too toxic for chemical application in the field, its strong anti-oomycete activity could still be exploited when naturally released at the site of infection by plant-associated microbes inoculated as biocontrol agents.

Silica nanoparticles enhance disease resistance in Arabidopsis plants

“…The final PCR products were analyzed by melting point analysis. The transcript levels of the oxidative stress marker (At3g46230; HSP17.4C1 ) 34 , and the salicylic acid-responsive genes AtPR-1 and AtPR-5 in Arabidopsis plants were calculated with At4g26410 ( expG ) as reference gene 60 and the comparative cycle threshold method (2 (-ΔΔCt) ) as mentioned above.…”

“…The expG gene was selected because Czechowski et al 60 specifically recommends expG as one of the top five reference genes to be used in biotic stress studies due to its high stability under such conditions. This high stability was confirmed in previous work of our laboratory 61 and others’ work 33 . In the present study, the stable expression of expG is reflected in the very small variation of the C q for expG .…”

“…The ecotoxicity assays were conducted on the larval stage one (L1) nematodes of the C. elegans wild-type (ancestral; N2) genotype. Synchronized C. elegans larvae were grown according to a previously established protocol 62 (raw data are publicly available 55 ). A known number of larvae (~70) per replicate were then exposed to 0, 25, 125, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 1,500 or 2,000 mg SiO 2 l -1 of SiO 2 NPs or Si(OH) 4 in 96-well plates (Corning Costar no.…”

Table 1: Anticandidal activity of VAC leaves extract at concentration of 20% by using well diffusion assay.

“…Our results showed that alcohol extracts (methanol and ethanol) and aqueous extract have the ability to inhibit the growth of all tested Candida species. These results are in agreement with Kalhoro, Farheen & Aqsa (2014) study, which found that the ethanol (Ovesná, Vachálková & Horváthová, 2004) S-Methyl methanethiosulphonate 0.07 --CH 3 SO 2 SCH 3 Ester, Antimutagenic agent and antimicrobial activity (Joller et al, 2020;Miguel et al, 2016) 1-Heptatriacotanol 0.23 --C 37 H 76 O Fatty alcohol…”

Peer Review #1 of "In vitro anticandidal activity and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening of Vitex agnus-castus leaf extracts (v0.1)"

“…PeerJ reviewing PDF | (2020:07:51312:1:1:NEW 6 Nov 2020) Treatment of diarrhea and protozoa infections (Olajuyigbe et al, 2018). Heptanal 0.20 --C 7 H 14 O aldehyde antibacterial activity (Lamba, 2007 Ester, Antimutagenic agent and antimicrobial activity (Joller et al, 2020;Miguel et al, 2016 Anti-Viral and anti-tumour (Tolstikov et al, 2005 Manuscript to be reviewed (da Rocha et al, 2001). Dihydrosteviobiside --0.26 C32H52O13 No report was found.…”