S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-Mediated Lead Detoxification in Soybean through the Regulation of ROS and Metal-Related Transcripts

Abstract

Heavy metal toxicity, including lead (Pb) toxicity, is increasing in soils, and heavy metals are considered to be toxic in small amounts. Pb contamination is mainly caused by industrialization (e.g., smelting and mining), agricultural practices (e.g., sewage sludge and pests), and urban practices (e.g., lead paint). An excessive concentration of Pb can seriously damage and threaten crop growth. Furthermore, Pb adversely affects plant growth and development by affecting the photosystem, cell membrane integrity, and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2−). Nitric oxide (NO) is produced via enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to scavenge ROS and lipid peroxidation substrates to protect cells from oxidative damage. Thus, NO improves ion homeostasis and confers resistance to metal stress. In the present study, we investigated the effect of exogenously applied NO and S-nitrosoglutathione in soybean plants Our results demonstrated that exogenously applied NO aids in better growth under lead stress due to its ability in sensing, signaling, and stress tolerance in plants under heavy metal stress along with lead stress. In addition, our results showed that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has a positive effect on soybean seedling growth under lead-induced toxicity and that NO supplementation helps to reduce chlorophyll maturation and relative water content in leaves and roots following strong bursts under lead stress. GSNO supplementation (200 µM and 100 µM) reduced compaction and approximated the oxidative damage of MDA, proline, and H2O2. Moreover, under plant stress, GSNO application was found to relieve the oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Additionally, modulation of NO and phytochelatins (PCS) after prolonged metal reversing GSNO application confirmed detoxification of ROS induced by the toxic metal lead in soybean. In summary, the detoxification of ROS caused by toxic metal concentrations in soybean is confirmed by using NO, PCS, and traditionally sustained concentrations of metal reversing GSNO application.

The PGPR Bacillus aryabhattai promotes soybean growth via nutrient and chlorophyll maintenance and the production of butanoic acid

“…We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the quantity of Ca, Mg, K, P, Fe, Mn, and Na in leaf samples of soybean plants inoculated with the selected bacterial isolate as described by Methela et al. (2023) .…”

“…We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the quantity of Ca, Mg, K, P, Fe, Mn, and Na in leaf samples of soybean plants inoculated with the selected bacterial isolate as described by Methela et al (2023). For this purpose, 0.1g lyophilized leaf powder samples were soaked in 5ml of 70% HCl and put into microwave digestion system (MDS, Milestone, UltraWAVE, USA) for 30min and diluted with 2% HCl.…”

Halotolerant Pseudomonas koreensisS4T10 mitigate salt and drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

“…Furthermore, atnced3 exhibited substantial increases in electrolyte leakage under salt and drought stress compared to Col-0, which signifies its susceptibility to salt and drought stress; however, the electrolyte leakage from this genotype was significantly lower after inoculation with P. koreensis S4T10. Electrolyte leakage, a direct marker of cell death, is a prominent indicator of the stress response in plant cells and is acknowledged for assessing stress-induced plant tissue injury (Methela et al, 2023). Afterwards, we quantified the antioxidant activities (GSH, SOD, POD, and PPO) to check the potential role of P. koreensis S4T10 in ameliorating salt and drought stress effects.…”

Chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles: a positive modulator of drought stress tolerance in soybean

“…Hence, the S-nitrosothiol group derivative S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is considered a potential NO donor. However, controlled and prolonged release of NO is considered a better alternative for protecting plants against various biotic and abiotic conditions [ 17 ]. When compared to chemical NO donors, nano-encapsulation is thought to be a promising and secure substitute [ 10 , 12 ].…”