S-palmitoylation of swine interferon-inducible transmembrane protein is essential for its anti-JEV activity

Protein Palmitoylation Modification During Viral Infection and Detection Methods of Palmitoylated Proteins

“…This can be caused by the mutation in three cysteine residues of IFITM3, which suppresses the inhibition of cell fusion (Buchrieser et al, 2019). In one of our studies, we confirmed that resistance to the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection requires the S-palmitoylation modification of IFITM in swine (Xu et al, 2020). Therefore, the discovery of activators or inhibitors targeting the palmitoylation/ depalmitoylation cycle of IFITM would be a promising subject for antiviral drugs or immunomodifiers of the diseases caused by viral infections or immune disorders.…”

“…Due to its strong sensitivity and high specificity, this novel technology can determine the degree of palmitoylation and identify the number of palmitoylation sites of proteins with the help of gray-scale analysis software, such as the frequently used ones: Image J, Image-Pro Plus, and Quantity One. Based on the procedures of Takashi Kanadome (Kanadome et al, 2019) and Avital Perchera (Percher et al, 2016), we successfully identified three S-palmitoylation sites of swine IFITM1 and also analyzed the characteristics of each palmitoylation site by mathematical calculations of gray-scale analysis software (Xu et al, 2020) (Figure 3).…”

Chicken interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 promotes replication of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in a cell-specific manner

“…However, virus entry into different cell lines may involve different pathways, the pathways used by IBV to enter LMH and HD11 cells are still unclear. Moreover, correct modifications, such as palmitoylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation and methylation, are required for IFITM to function ( Xu et al, 2020 , Yount et al, 2010 , Chesarino et al, 2014 , Shan et al, 2013 ). It remains to be verified whether the modifications of chIFITM1 in different cells are the primary reason for the differences.…”

Positive Regulation of the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 by S-Palmitoylation

“…In recent years, small interfering RNA ( 15 ) and overexpression-based screens ( 25 ) have confirmed that IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 possess broad-spectrum antiviral effects. It has been reported that IFITM proteins, when expressed in target cells, significantly inhibit more than ten families of viruses including Alphaviridae (Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus) ( 26 ), Arteriviridae (Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus), Asfarviridae (African swine fever virus) ( 27 , 28 ), Bunyaviridae (Rift valley fever virus, La Crosse virus, Andes virus, Hantaan virus) ( 29 – 32 ), Caliciviridae (Mouse norovirus) ( 33 ), Coronaviridae (SARS coronavirus) ( 22 , 30 , 34 , 35 ), Filoviridae (Marburg virus, Ebola virus) ( 22 , 36 , 37 ), Flaviviridae (Dengue virus, West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, Zika virus, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Hepatitis C virus, Classical swine Fever Virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus) ( 23 , 30 , 31 , 38 – 44 ), Iridoviridae (Singapore grouper iridovirus and frog iridovirus) ( 45 – 48 ), Nodaviridae(red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus) ( 45 , 46 ), Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza A virus) ( 49 , 50 ), Paramyxoviridae (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) ( 51 – 54 ), Poxviridae (Vaccina virus) ( 55 ) Reoviridae (Reovirus) ( 56 ), Retroviridae (HIV-1 and Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus) ( 24 , 30 , 57 , 58 ), Rhabdviridae (Vesicular stomatitis virus) ( 57 , 59 , 60 ), Phenuiviridae (Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus) ( 33 ).…”

“…Meanwhile, a confocal experiment revealed that sIFITM3-PalmΔ (C71,72,105A) was co-located with early/late endosomes and lysosomes in MARC-145 sIFITM3-PalmΔ-Flag cells, consistent with WT IFITM3 ( 79 ). Subcellular location change of sIFITM3-PalmΔ was not observed in PK15 as well ( 38 ).…”