S-R compatibility: spatial characteristics of stimulus and response codes.

Fitts, Paul M.; Seeger, Charles M.

doi:10.1037/e441262004-001

Cited by 90 publications

(107 citation statements)

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“…On a theoretical level, S-C-R compatibility is an extension of the basic conception put forward by Fitts and Seeger (1953). As pointed out in the quotation cited earlier, the concept of compatibility is based on the idea that, by requiring a minimum of recoding or information transformations, the cognitive processing related to a task can be streamlined and maximum performance achieved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of these experiments will be discussed next. Although Fitts and Seeger (1953) mentioned that S-R compatibility can be extended to "simultaneous listening and looking" (p. 199), they chose to focus on the issue of compatibility of the spatial characteristics of a stimulus array and its associated responses. Fitts and Seeger showed that increasing compatibility is advantageous to performance, and that the advantage persists even after extensive practice.…”

Section: «Ii?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stimulus-central processing-response compatibility: Guidelines for the optimal use of speech technology

Vidulich

Wickens

1985

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: «Ii?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus-central processing-response compatibility: Guidelines for the optimal use of speech technology

Vidulich

Wickens

1985

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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“…According to the compatibility relationship between the CR and Warrick's principle, the eight positions were divided into two groups; one (5,6,7) where the two principles are compatible with each other and the other (1,2,3,4,8) where the two principles are non-compatible or non-applicable. For these two groups of positions, the response time was found to have no relationship with S CW-R at compatible positions (5, 6, 7) but decreased with S CW-R at non-compatible positions (1,2,3,4,8).…”

Section: The Relationship Between Response Time Stereotype Strength mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not taking into account the skills and needs of the users would inevitably result in an unsatisfactory system design that would fail to sufficiently support the users' tasks, and consequently demand more training and technical support in using the system. The relationship between a control movement and its effect on a display which is most expected by a population is known as a population stereotype, and such a relationship is said to be 'compatible' [1,2]. For a reduction of human error and response time, the design of control and display configurations should conform to the expectations of the relevant user population [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precise effects of control position, indicator type, and scale side on human performance

Chan

Shum

Law

et al. 2003

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

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Using a real hardware setup, the precise effect of control knob position, indicator type and scale side on strength of stereotype, index of reversibility (IR) and response time for a horizontal display/rotary control arrangement was studied. The main effects of the three main factors and the control position·scale side interaction were found to be highly significant for human response time, while the direction of instruction influenced stereotype strength. With analysis performed separately for top and bottom controls, for which different conditions of compatibility between clockwisefor-right, counterclockwise-for-left and the Warrick's principle exist, two different relationships were established between response time and stereotype strength. A further precise analysis of counterclockwise-for-left and clockwise-for-right stereotype showed that response time decreases not only with the clockwise-for-right stereotype strength, but also with the counterclockwisefor-left stereotype strength at bottom positions on which the counterclockwise-for-left stereotype agrees with the Warrick's principle. Finally, based on a consideration of response time, stereotype strength and stereotype reversibility, some practical implications for the design of horizontal linear display and rotary control configurations were given. The results of this study provide recommendations for interface design for control consoles commonly used in many different manufacturing systems.

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“…Cloned DNA fragments from S. typhimwium have shown high specificity for salmonellae (24). Of 10 nucleotide fragments isolated, two reacted with >350 strains of Salmonella, three reacted with more than 95%, and the remaining five reacted with less than 50% (23).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the DNA Probe to Culture Methods for the Detection of Salmonella on Poultry Carcasses and Processing Waters

Izat¹,

Driggers²,

Colberg³

et al. 1989

Journal of Food Protection

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In a series of five experiments a total of 269 broiler carcass and chill tank water samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella using the DNA probe and the standard cultural method. Carcasses were sampled using a whole carcass rinse technique. Samples consisted of pre-(48) and post-chill (103) carcasses, and pre-chill (48) and chill (70) tank water. Samples to be evaluated with the DNA probe were subjected to three preenrichment/ enrichment procedures to determine the most accurate and reliable enrichment procedure to use with the DNA probe assay. Direct enrichment in Selenite Cystine followed by 24 h incubation in Gram Negative broth allowed for recovery of 0.03 salmonellae/ml from carcass rinse and from pre-chill water using either the standard cultural method or the DNA probe. Preenrichment in Lactose broth produced inaccurate results for prechill carcass and pre-chill water samples using the DNA probe assay, and may be due to extreme microbiological competition. No false positive results were obtained using the DNA probe assay for any of the four sample types.The food industry, governmental regulatory agencies, and the consumer have a vital interest in decreasing the incidence of salmonellosis and other foodborne diseases. Contamination of chicken carcasses with Salmonella is a source of human salmonellosis and is of continuing concern to both the poultry industry and public health authorities (17). Present technology utilized in slaughtering plants cannot guarantee a salmonellae-free finished product. Because of the increased public awareness of food poisoning bacteria and increased scrutiny by regulatory agencies, development of methods for rapid and reliable detection of foodborne Salmonella is indicated (18).Rapid methods including fluorescent antibody techniques (30,34,48,59,60), radioisotopic immunoassays (31,50,57), enrichment serology techniques (3, 5, 33, 34, 56, 57), enzyme immunoassays (39,45,58,63) screening and/or identification of various pathogenic organisms including Salmonella. Each of these methods is based on various characteristics of the organism. These rapid methods of analysis provide for the timely identification of contaminated products and reduce costs associated with storage of products pending microbiological clearance.It is possible to obtain results within 48 h using the DNA probe. This includes the time necessary for steps that must be completed prior to performing the actual DNA hybridization assay (25,26). Use of DNA-DNA hybridization for the detection of bacteria in clinical applications has been described by several groups. Encoded enterotoxins were cloned and used to detect enterotoxigenic E. coli both in colonies and directly from stools of patients suffering from acute diarrhea (46). A similar system has been used to detect enteropathogenic E. coli in food samples (35). DNA hybridization has also been applied to the detection of Leishamania spp., hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, and 6,8,64).Cloned DNA fragments from S. typhimwium have shown high specifi...

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S-R compatibility: spatial characteristics of stimulus and response codes.

Cited by 90 publications

References 0 publications

Stimulus-central processing-response compatibility: Guidelines for the optimal use of speech technology

Stimulus-central processing-response compatibility: Guidelines for the optimal use of speech technology

Precise effects of control position, indicator type, and scale side on human performance

Comparison of the DNA Probe to Culture Methods for the Detection of Salmonella on Poultry Carcasses and Processing Waters

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