“…It could be observed that the splitting peaks attributed to Cd 2+ species and Bi 3+ species in the sample used were both shifted. Furthermore, the peaks of the N species of the used sample were shifted to lower binding energies, which is due to the sharing of electrons with metal ions, thus resulting in the decrease of the electron cloud density. − The O 1s energy level spectrum of the fresh sample was decomposed into two peaks at around 529.67 and 531.10 eV, belonging to surface adsorbed hydroxyls and lattice oxygens in the composite fibers, whereas the binding energies of O species of the used samples shifted to 529.41 and 531.35 eV, respectively (Figure e). , For S 2p, the peaks at 168.42, 162.73, and 161.83 eV for the fresh samples were indexed as SO 4 2– /S 2 O 3 2– , S 2p 1/2 , and S 2p 3/2 , which were located at 168.08, 162.81, and 161.97 eV, respectively, for the used samples (Figure f). ,, These sulfur defects facilitate the acceleration of carrier separation and transfer at the junction interface, thereby improving the visible light utilization. , …”