S100B protein and its clinical effect on craniocerebral injury

Abstract

S100B protein may be taken as a specific index of early diagnosis, grading of pathogenetic condition, and prognosis judgement after craniocerebral injury. To grasp and regulate the mechanism of neurotoxicity and to elucidate the therapeutic effect of S100B protein will be a research direction in clinical treatment of craniocerebral injury.

Blood–brain‐barrier disruption in chronic canine hypothyroidism

“…Extracranial sources of S‐100B in people include skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, chondrocytes, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells of the epidermis 27 . Hypothyroidism commonly causes dermatologic changes and may cause myopathy in dogs, including the cohort of hypothyroid dogs reported here 18 .…”

“…S‐100B is a cytosolic calcium‐binding protein, predominantly expressed by astrocytes, and was selected as a CSF biomarker representative of astrocytic contributions to the changes in BBB in this study. This protein is an early indirect marker of the severity of brain damage in people with strokes or head trauma 27,28 and is particularly useful because serum concentrations reportedly correlate well with CSF concentrations in people with ischemic forms of brain injury 27,28 . In people S‐100B has a half‐life of only 20–25 minutes; thus increases in CSF or serum concentrations are associated with active CNS injury 27 .…”

“…This protein is an early indirect marker of the severity of brain damage in people with strokes or head trauma 27,28 and is particularly useful because serum concentrations reportedly correlate well with CSF concentrations in people with ischemic forms of brain injury 27,28 . In people S‐100B has a half‐life of only 20–25 minutes; thus increases in CSF or serum concentrations are associated with active CNS injury 27 . Although the S‐100B enzymatic immunoassay has not, to our knowledge, been specifically validated for use in dogs, previous work in dogs has demonstrated that is a useful biomarker of canine CNS injury 28 .…”

“…However, significant increases in S‐100B in CSF preceded increases in serum S‐100B, suggesting local production of S‐100B in the CNS. In people, serum glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron‐specific enolase are more specific for CNS injury, have few to no extracranial sources, and are often used in conjunction with S‐100B monitoring 27,28 . Future studies in dogs should consider validation and evaluation of these biomarkers, in conjunction with S‐100B, to further clarify the source of these markers and determine the utility of measuring S‐100B in CSF and serum.…”

“…27,28 In people S-100B has a half-life of only 20-25 minutes; thus increases in CSF or serum concentrations are associated with active CNS injury. 27 Although the S-100B enzymatic immunoassay has not, to our knowledge, been specifically validated for use in dogs, previous work in dogs has demonstrated that is a useful biomarker of canine CNS injury. 28 Persistently increased concentrations of S-100B in CSF of hypothyroid dogs at sampling times 2 and 3 indicate chronic and active CNS glial damage or activation.…”