S100B Protein Concentrations in Cord Blood: Correlations with Gestational Age in Term and Preterm Deliveries

Gazzolo, Diego; Vinesi, Paola; Marinoni, Emanuela; Iorio, Raffaele; Marras, Mauro; Lituania, Mario; Bruschettini, Pierluigi; Michetti, Fabrizio

doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.7.998

Cited by 81 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The fetal bloodstream has been widely investigated on account of its interesting properties such as low sampling stress and adequate sample volume collection (Gazzolo et al 2000). This has been used to monitor: (i) increased S100B levels in intrauterine growth retarded fetuses (Gazzolo et al 2002b); (ii) the effectiveness/side-effects of antenatal therapeutic strategies such as glucocorticoids or nitric oxide donors in high risk pregnancies (Gazzolo et al 2002a(Gazzolo et al , 2003bSannia et al 2010), and anti-depressive drugs (Pawluski et al 2009).…”

Section: S100b In Perinatal Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its detection in biological fluids cast the protein as a candidate biomarker of active cell injury in the nervous system, when it was found in CSF of patients affected by a series of pathological conditions such as acute encephalomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and intracranial tumors (Michetti et al 1980). Since then, research on S100B as a biomarker of brain distress has been extended to other biological fluids besides CSF, such as peripheral blood (Kato et al 1983), cord blood (Gazzolo et al 2000), amniotic fluid (Gazzolo et al 2001a), urine (Gazzolo et al 2001b) and saliva (Gazzolo et al 2005b). Originally, the rationale of these studies was based on the assumption that the detection of S100B in biological fluids was a consequence of its leakage from damaged cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress

Michetti

Corvino

Geloso

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurochemistry

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213

144

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The S100B protein was identified in the mid-1960s as a protein fraction which -on the basis of chromatographic and electrophoretic methods available at that time -was detectable in the brain but not in non-neural extracts, and was named S100 because of its solubility in a 100% saturated solution with ammonium sulphate (Moore 1965). At present, owing to the discovery of a series of proteins exhibiting structural similarities, the term S100 is used to embrace a multigenic family of mostly dimeric calcium-binding proteins comprising more than 20 members with different degrees of homology to each other at the amino acid level, and representing the largest subgroup within the EF-hand superfamily. The genes encoding the majority of human S100 proteins are organized in a cluster within the chromosomal region 1q21, while some genes coding individual S100 proteins are located in other chromosomal regions, including 21q22 where, in particular, the gene for the S100B protein is located. Each monomer is approximately 10-12 kDa and is characterized by two calcium-binding regions, each comprising two alpha helices with an intervening calcium-binding loop forming a conserved pentagonal arrangement around the calcium ion (EF-hand motif).The binding of calcium to EF-hand domains triggers conformational changes that allow interactions with other proteins, so Abstract S100B is a calcium-binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra-neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.

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Section: S100b In Perinatal Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress

Michetti

Corvino

Geloso

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurochemistry

Self Cite

213

144

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show abstract

“…Since then, research on S100B as a biomarker of brain injury has been extended to other biological fluids besides CSF. Peripheral blood (Kato et al 1983), cord blood (Gazzolo et al 2000), amniotic fluid (Gazzolo et al 2001a), urine (Gazzolo et al 2001b(Gazzolo et al , 2005a, and saliva (Gazzolo et al 2005b) have all been shown to contain detectable levels of S100B, which have been found to be increased in a variety of pathological conditions of the nervous system. These include acute brain injury (cardiovascular disorders and traumatic injury), neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease -AD, Parkinson's disease -PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -ALS, MS), congenital/ perinatal disorders (Trisomy 21, pre-term and full term asphyxiated newborns, intrauterine growth retarded fetuses), psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, mood disorders).…”

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confidence: 99%

The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury

Michetti

D’Ambrosi

Toesca

et al. 2018

Journal of Neurochemistry

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290

238

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S100B is a Ca -binding protein mainly concentrated in astrocytes. Its levels in biological fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral and cord blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are recognized as a reliable biomarker of active neural distress. Although the wide spectrum of diseases in which the protein is involved (acute brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, congenital/perinatal disorders, psychiatric disorders) reduces its specificity, its levels remain an important aid in monitoring the trend of the disorder. Mounting evidence now points to S100B as a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern molecule which, when released at high concentration, through its Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts, triggers tissue reaction to damage in a series of different neural disorders. This review addresses this novel scenario, presenting data indicating that S100B levels and/or distribution in the nervous tissue of patients and/or experimental models of different neural disorders, for which the protein is used as a biomarker, are directly related to the progress of the disease: acute brain injury (ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic injury), neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis), congenital/perinatal disorders (Down syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia-1), psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, mood disorders), inflammatory bowel disease. In many cases, over-expression/administration of the protein induces worsening of the disease, whereas its deletion/inactivation produces amelioration. This review points out that the pivotal role of the protein resulting from these data, opens the perspective that S100B may be regarded as a therapeutic target for these different diseases, which appear to share some common features reasonably attributable to neuroinflammation, regardless their origin.

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“…23 The possible neurotrophic activity of S100B has been pointed out in research, showing a positive correlation between S100B levels in umbilical cord and brain maturation. 24 As it is considered that normal levels of S100B exclude major pathology of the CNS, S100B levels have been used as a prognostic factor in cases of minor brain damage. 25 Other studies support a potential therapeutic role of the S100B protein.…”

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confidence: 99%

S100B and schizophrenia

Yelmo-Cruz

Fumero

Abreu-González

2013

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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The research for peripheral biological markers of schizophrenia, although abundant, has been unfruitful. In the last 2 decades, the S100B protein has made its own room in this area of research. S100B is a calcium-binding protein that has been proposed as a marker of astrocyte activation and brain dysfunction. Research results on S100B concentrations and schizophrenia clinical diagnosis are very consistent; patients with schizophrenia have higher S100B concentrations than healthy controls. The results regarding schizophrenia subtypes and clinical characteristics are not as conclusive. Age of patients, body mass index, illness duration and age at onset have been found to show no correlation, a positive correlation or a negative correlation with S100B levels. With respect to psychopathology, S100B data are inconclusive. Positive, negative and absence of correlation between S100B concentrations and positive and negative psychopathology have been reported. Methodological biases, such as day/night and seasonal variations, the use of anticoagulants to treat biological samples, the type of analytical technique to measure S100B and the different psychopathological scales to measure schizophrenia symptoms, are some of the factors that should be taken into account when researching into this area in order to reduce the variability of the reported results. The clinical implications of S100B changes in schizophrenia remain to be elucidated.

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S100B Protein Concentrations in Cord Blood: Correlations with Gestational Age in Term and Preterm Deliveries

Cited by 81 publications

References 8 publications

The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress

The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress

The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury

S100B and schizophrenia

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