“…Owing to its synergistic potential in improving mental focus, exercise capacity (i.e., delaying fatigue and increasing performance), and augmenting training adaptations, 11 , 12 pre-workout supplementation is estimated to be used by a considerable proportion of young adults globally. 13 , 14 However, consumption of these supplements has been linked with numerous negative health effects, including psychosis, 15 extensive esophageal ulcerations, 16 aplastic anemia, 17 hemorrhagic stroke, 18 ischemic colitis, 19 pancreatitis, 20 hepatic failure, 21 aortic dissection, 22 myocardial infarction, 23 cardiac arrest, 24 and death. 25 Moreover, despite their widespread popularity and increasing use, the exact composition of such products is often unknown, making their safety and efficacy profiles paradoxical.…”