Saccharin Avoidance Behavior Instigated by X-Irradiation in Backward Conditioning Paradigms

Scarborough, Barron B.; Whaley, Donald L.; Rogers, J. R.

doi:10.2466/pr0.1964.14.2.475

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In taste aversion learning as well as in more traditional conditioning experiments, true backward conditioning does not occur, but there may be apparent backward aversion conditioning when the effects of the US are delayed (Revusky & Garcia, 1970, p. 7). If X-irradiation is administered up to about an hour before saccharin consumption, for instance, a saccharin aversion will develop (Scarborough, Whaley, & Rogers, 1964;Smith, Taylor, Morris, & Hendricks, 1965) because the prodromal X-irradiation syndrome develops gradually (Gerstner, 1960) and reaches its peak after the saccharin is consumed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-delay associations between drug states produced in rats by injecting two drugs in sequence.

Revusky¹,

Coombes²

1982

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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Injection of pentobarbital after a rat has consumed saccharin solution usually produces a mild aversion to the saccharin. However, the pentobarbital-produced aversion is eliminated or attenuated by prior pairings of pentobarbital injections with lithium injections. This is called the Avfail (aversion failure) effect. The present experiments dealt with the effect of the temporal relation of the pentobarbital injection to the lithium injection. After forward pairings (pentobarbital before lithium) with delays between the two injections varying among groups from 2.5 min to 320 min, Avfail was invariably obtained. There was little effect of the length of the forward delay, although the Avfail effect appeared to be slightly stronger at 30-40 min or so. When the two drugs were injected simultaneously or in a backward sequence, there was a weakening of the flavor aversion produced by pentobarbital, but this is attributable to habituation to the drugs, not to Avfail.Associative learning occurs when two drug states occur in sequence. It has been demonstrated by injecting rats with a sedative dose of pentobarbital 30 min prior to injection of a toxic dose of lithium. After four to eight such pairings, pentobarbital loses its capacity to produce a saccharin aversion; that is, there is no later saccharin aversion if pentobarbital is injected into the rat just after it has consumed saccharin solution. Control rats that receive equal experience with pentobarbital and/or lithium do not exhibit this effect (Revusky, Taukulis, & Coombes, 1980;Revusky, Taukulis, Parker, & Coombes, 1979). Hence the effect is not due to habituation. The involvement of conditioning is further indicated by findings that a similar effect is obtained with drugs other than pentobarbital and lithium. However, it is not obtained with all combinations of drugs (Cunningham & Linakis, 1980; Revusky, Coombes, & Pohl, in press).Although this effect is due to conditioning,

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-delay associations between drug states produced in rats by injecting two drugs in sequence.

Revusky¹,

Coombes²

1982

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…His measure of aversion was reduction in intake in a 10-min., singlebottle test, and he reported conditioned aversions for all groups with CS-US delays up to 8 hr. Nachman concluded that LiClinduced taste aversions conditioned over long CS-US delays were similar to the radiation-induced taste aversions reported by Smith and Roll. It is known that ionizing radiation is an effective US in the taste aversion problem in a "backward-conditioning" design (Mor-ris & Smith, 1964;Scarborough, Whaley, & Rogers, 1964). Morris and Smith (1964) reported conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from a procedure in which rats were first irradiated with 100 r. and were then allowed 20-min CS access 1 hr.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of taste aversions induced by radiation and lithium chloride in CS-US and US-CS paradigms.

Barker¹,

Smith²

1974

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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Conditioned taste aversions induced by ionizing radiation and LiCl were compared in both forward (CS-US, conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus) and backward (US-CS) conditioning paradigms. Taste aversions were produced when a saccharin CS preceded or followed a 100-r. radiation US by as much as 6 hr., but a 2% of body weight, .15 M LiCl US was effective only in CS-US pairings. It was argued that the ineffectiveness of a LiCl stimulus in US-CS pairings was not attributable to differences in the "strength" of the respective LiCl and radiation doses in that these doses yielded comparable aversions in forward pairings. These results were related to inadequacies of a "sickness" model of taste aversion conditioning.Several recent articles have pointed out the difficulties which taste aversion conditioning presents for traditional learning theory (e.g., Revusky & Garcia, 1970;Rozin & Kalat, 1971;Seligman, 1970). In these articles the phenomenon of radiation-induced taste aversions was discussed along with the drug-induced conditioned aversions which comprise the bait-shyness literature.The rationale for equating these 2 phenomena appears to have been provided in a series of papers in which the toxic effects of injections of cyclophosphamide, apomorphine, and lithium chloride were compared to ionizing radiation (Garcia & Ervin, 1968;Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1967;. Although the specific mode of action of these various unconditioned stimuli was presumed to differ, speculated that "... these agents probably all produce a general malaise or illness [p. 246]" and that in conditioning taste aversion these stimuli "... have similar mechanisms of learning [Garcia & Ervin, 1968, p. 395]".

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“…Taste aversions produced by US-CS, or " backward," procedures have also been reported, but have not yet been incorporated into the bait-shyness literature. Scarborough, Whaley, and Rogers (1964) and Morris and Smith (1964) reported conditioned aversion to saccharin solutions resulting from similar procedures in which rats were first exposed to ionizing radiation (US) and then allowed saccharin (CS) following US-CS delays of several hours. In both studies, this conditioning was attributed to the contiguous pairing of the taste CS with a prolonged adverse physiological disturbance initiated by the X-ray exposure .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Backward conditioning of taste aversions in rats using cyclophosphamide as the US

1974

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Conditioned taste aversion was demonstrated to result from a US-CS, or "backward," conditioning procedure using a 75-mg/kg cyclophosphamide injection as the US. The magnitude and resistance to extinction of the conditioned taste aversion was found to decrease monotonically when the US·CS lSI was systematically varied from 1.0 min to 4 h. In this respect and in the inconclusive nature of the signs of sickness following US administration, cyclophosphamide appears to act similarly to ionizing radiation in conditioning taste aversions. It was argued that these results reflect truly associative, not pseudoconditioned, avoidance responses.

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Saccharin Avoidance Behavior Instigated by X-Irradiation in Backward Conditioning Paradigms

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Long-delay associations between drug states produced in rats by injecting two drugs in sequence.

Long-delay associations between drug states produced in rats by injecting two drugs in sequence.

A comparison of taste aversions induced by radiation and lithium chloride in CS-US and US-CS paradigms.

Backward conditioning of taste aversions in rats using cyclophosphamide as the US

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