Saccharin elation effect

Pinel, John P. J.; Rovner, Louis I.

doi:10.3758/bf03336998

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…It is also likely that context-induced relapse after punishment would generalize to food rewards. This is because phenomena observed in drug relapse models such as priming-induced, cue-induced, and stress-induced reinstatement (15), as well as incubation of craving (67) and deprivation effects (40, 68) are also observed with food rewards (69–72). Additionally, while we have used a physical context to signal punishment, our procedure can also likely be adapted for the use of discriminative stimuli (73, 74) to signal punishment or non-punishment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context-Induced Relapse to Alcohol Seeking After Punishment in a Rat Model

Marchant

Khuc

Pickens

et al. 2013

Biological Psychiatry

108

128

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Background Rat studies have demonstrated that exposure to environments associated with alcohol intake reinstates alcohol seeking after extinction of alcohol-reinforced responding in a different context. However, extinction is limited as an abstinence model because humans typically abstain because of negative consequences associated with excessive drinking. It is currently unknown whether alcohol-associated contexts can provoke relapse to alcohol seeking after alcohol-taking behavior is suppressed by adverse consequences in a different context. Methods Alcohol-preferring P rats were first given home-cage access to 20% ethanol. Next, they were trained to self-administer 20% ethanol in one context (context A). Subsequently, all rats continued to self-administer alcohol in a different context (context B). For one group, 50% of alcohol-reinforced responses were punished by mild footshock; two other groups either received non-contingent shocks or no shock. A fourth group was given extinction training in context B. All rats were then tested for relapse to alcohol seeking under extinction conditions in contexts A and B. Results In Context B, alcohol-taking behavior was suppressed by contingent shock (punishment) and extinction training but not by non-contingent shock. In Context A, relapse to alcohol seeking was reliably observed in the punished and extinction groups; a context switch had no effect on alcohol seeking in the no-shock or non-contingent shock groups. Conclusions Our data indicate that punishment-induced suppression of alcohol-taking behavior is context-dependent. We propose that our procedure can be used to explore mechanisms of context-induced relapse to alcohol seeking after alcohol-taking behavior is suppressed by adverse consequences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context-Induced Relapse to Alcohol Seeking After Punishment in a Rat Model

Marchant

Khuc

Pickens

et al. 2013

Biological Psychiatry

108

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Afer this, the saccharin is removed for several days and then returned. Saccharin intake on the first day of the return is usually substantially greater than it was in the baseline period before removal (e.g., Ashton, Gandelman, & Trowell, 1970; Hoyenga & Hoyenga, 1973; Pinel & Rovner, 1977—see Flaherty, 1982, p. 425, for a further discussion of this effect).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successive, simultaneous, and anticipatory contrast in the consumption of saccharin solutions.

Flaherty

Rowan-Szal²

1986

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Contrast effects were obtained in rats in the consumption of saccharin solutions in three different paradigms. Degree of negative contrast varied as a function of concentration disparity, but not equally in the three procedures. Successive negative contrast occurred following shifts from 0.15% to either 0.075% or 0.05% saccharin but did not occur following shifts to 0.10% or 0.125% saccharin. Some degree of simultaneous contrast was obtained with all four concentration disparities. Anticipatory contrast, where the intake of the first substance is suppressed by a more preferred second substance, occurred only in the case of the 0.05%-0.15% difference in concentrations. It was suggested that the several contrast paradigms engage somewhat different psychological processes differentially involving emotional, sensory, and associative mechanisms, but all lead to behavior based on relative value. A modification of Toates's (1981) incentive model of ingestive behavior was suggested to incorporate relativity effects based on both associative and nonassociative factors in the consumption of both nutritive and nonnutritive substances.

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“…However, there have also been failures to demonstrate the effect (DiLollo & Meyer, 1970), and it has been argued that the elation effect is more reliable when animals are given continuous access to saccharin before the period of absence (Pinel & Rovner, 1977). This parameter of duration of daily exposure may be important for the integration of the saccharin elation effect with other possible taste-contrast phenomena.…”

Section: Saccharin Elation Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These elation effects have been demonstrated with access periods to saccharin ranging from 10 min per day, to 1 h per day, to continuous access (Ashton, Gandelman, & Trowill, 1970a;Dube, Ashton, & Trowill, 1970;Gandelrnan & Trowill, 1969;Hoyenga & Hoyenga, 1973;Pinel & Rovner, 1977). However, there have also been failures to demonstrate the effect (DiLollo & Meyer, 1970), and it has been argued that the elation effect is more reliable when animals are given continuous access to saccharin before the period of absence (Pinel & Rovner, 1977).…”

Section: Saccharin Elation Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incentive contrast: A review of behavioral changes following shifts in reward

Flaherty

1982

Animal Learning & Behavior

314

246

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The literature relevant to incentive contrast effects is reviewed, with emphasis on the data published since the reviews by Black (1968) and Dunham (1968). Contrary to the evidence available for the earlier reviews, the current literature indicates that positive contrast is a reliable phenomenon. Its occurrence is facilitated by use of a constant delay of reward, use of a long runway, or possibly by a shift while a negative contrast effect, resulting from a previous shift, is still present in the animals' behavior. Positive contrast also occurs in consummatory behavior when sucrose or saccharin solutions are shifted. Conditions that are ineffective in producing positive contrast are reviewed, as are the effects of numerous variables on both successive and simultaneous contrast. In addition, positive and negative contrast effects resulting from shifts in delay or percentage of reward, contrast resulting from shifts in sucrose, saccharin, or ethanol solutions, contrast in choice behavior, and transsituational contrast are reviewed. The relationship of the data to several theoretical interpretations of contrast is also considered.Interpretation of the behavior changes that occur when a familiar reward is replaced by a novel, usually less preferred, reward has played an important role in the theoretical analysis of animal learning. For example, Tolman (1932) cited the behavior of a monkey when the familiar reward of a banana was replaced by a piece of lettuce as evidence favoring his view that animals learn expectancies of particular rewards in a learning situation. The behavioral description was obtained in a delayed-response experiment by Tinklepaugh (1928): "She [the monkey] extends her hand to seize the food. But her hand drops to the floor without touching it. She looks at the lettuce but (unless very hungry) does not touch it. She looks under and around her. She picks the cup up and examines it thoroughly inside and out. She has on occasion turned toward observers present in the room and shrieked at them in apparent anger. After several seconds spent searching, she gives a glance toward the other cup, which she has been taught not to look into, and then walks off to a nearby window. The lettuce is left untouched on the floor" (p. 224).In addition to supporting Tolman's expectancy interpretation of animal learning, this description contains elements that continue to be relevant as possible explanations of the behavioral changes that Appreciation is due Alexandra Avdzej for assistance in library research and to HowardBecker, SusanChecke, and MaryFlaherty for their comments on the manuscript. Preparation for this article was aided by grants from the Rutgers Research Council. The author's mailing addressis: Psychology Department, Busch Campus, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey08903. occur subsequent to reward shifts, that is, the apparent presence of an emotional response elicited by the shift and the possibility that the animals search for the missing reward, given the opportunity.A rat study by Elli...

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Saccharin elation effect

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Context-Induced Relapse to Alcohol Seeking After Punishment in a Rat Model

Context-Induced Relapse to Alcohol Seeking After Punishment in a Rat Model

Successive, simultaneous, and anticipatory contrast in the consumption of saccharin solutions.

Incentive contrast: A review of behavioral changes following shifts in reward

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