Safe Piranhas: A Review of Methods and Protocols

Schmidt, Hugo G.

doi:10.1021/acs.chas.1c00094

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The remaining resists were removed by piranha cleaning. [ 67 ] Deposition of 100 nm thick Au with a 5 nm Ti adhesion layer produced periodic Au nanowell arrays. The wafers were then diced into smaller pieces for EV assays.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmon‐Enhanced Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis for Cholangiocarcinoma Diagnosis

et al. 2023

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Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal disease often detected late in unresectable stages. Currently, there are no effective diagnostic methods or biomarkers to detect CCA early with high confidence. Analysis of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) harvested from liquid biopsies can provide a new opportunity to achieve this goal. Here, an advanced nanoplasmonic sensing technology is reported, termed FLEX (fluorescence-amplified extracellular vesicle sensing technology), for sensitive and robust single EV analysis. In the FLEX assay, EVs are captured on a plasmonic gold nanowell surface and immunolabeled for cancer-associated biomarkers to identify tEVs. The underlying plasmonic gold nanowell structures then amplify EVs' fluorescence signals, an effective amplification process at the single EV level. The FLEX EV analysis revealed a wide heterogeneity of tEVs and their marker levels. FLEX also detected small tEVs not detected by conventional EV fluorescence imaging due to weak signals. Tumor markers (MUC1, EGFR, and EPCAM) are identified in CCA, and this marker combination is applied to detect tEVs in clinical bile samples. The FLEX assay detected CCA with an area under the curve of 0.93, significantly better than current clinical markers. The sensitive and accurate nanoplasmonic EV sensing technology can aid in early CCA diagnosis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmon‐Enhanced Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis for Cholangiocarcinoma Diagnosis

et al. 2023

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“…The piranha cleaning was performed in the fume hood following the necessary safety protocol for handling this strong oxidant solution. 15 The piranha cleaning increases the hydrophilicity of the glass surface by increasing silanol groups (Figure 1b) APTES Treatment. Following an earlier report, 16 the piranha-cleaned glass surface was converted into a positively charged surface by the treatment with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES).…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The slides were then dried overnight under a high vacuum before further use. The piranha cleaning was performed in the fume hood following the necessary safety protocol for handling this strong oxidant solution . The piranha cleaning increases the hydrophilicity of the glass surface by increasing silanol groups (Figure b)…”

Section: Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The commercially available smooth microscope glass slides (25 mm × 75 mm × 1 mm) were initially cleaned by a highly oxidative acid bath in piranha solution. 15 The piranha solution was prepared by mixing sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in a 4:1 ratio (v/v). 32 mL of concentrated H 2 SO 4 (98%) was taken into a beaker and heated to 60 °C on a heating plate.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficient Desorption and Capture of Reactive Carbocations from Positively Charged Glass Surface Bombarded with High-Speed Water Microdroplets

2023

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Recent studies with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) revealed that reactive carbocations could be captured and stabilized in water microdroplets to probe their intermediacy in chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate how the amine functionalization (chemical modification) of the glass surface, where a reaction aliquot is bombarded with the DESI spray of water microdroplets, enhances carbocation desorption and capture in splashed secondary microdroplets for mass spectrometric interrogation. The amine groups on the glass surface remained protonated under the impinging spray of charged water microdroplets, enabling effective splashing and subsequent propulsion of the positively charged secondary microdroplets under electrostatic (repulsive) and pneumatic forces. Carbocations, being intrinsically charged, could also be repelled by this charged surface for their efficient desorption. Thus, this tailored surface chemistry improved the DESI-MS detection limit of carbocation intermediates up to five times, allowing us to monitor such species, albeit sparsely populated in the reaction medium.

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“…Peroxymonosulfuric acid (also known as persulfuric acid or Caro's acid) is known as an effective oxidant with numerous large‐scale applications in the field of wastewater treatment as well as in mining and hydrometallurgy industries [6] . As its instability and tendency toward explosive decomposition exerts a significant safety hazard, [7] persulfuric acid is generally not stored or transported but manufactured on site [8] . Despite its beneficial features, such as low cost and ease of removal by aqueous extraction, applications of persulfuric acid in synthetic organic chemistry remained largely underexploited due to its hazardous nature [9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing a Continuous‐Flow Persulfuric Acid Generator for Direct Oxidative Aldehyde Esterifications

Nagy

Hone

et al. 2022

ChemSusChem

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Persulfuric acid is a well‐known oxidant in various industrial‐scale purification procedures. However, due to its tendency toward explosive decomposition, its usefulness in organic synthesis remained largely underexplored. Herein, a continuous in situ persulfuric acid generator was developed and applied for oxidative esterification of aldehydes under flow conditions. Sulfuric acid served as a readily available and benign precursor to form persulfuric acid in situ. By taking advantage of the continuous‐flow generator concept, safety hazards were significantly reduced, whilst a robust and effective approach was ensured for direct transformations of aldehydes to valuable esters. The process proved useful for the transformation of diverse aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes, while its preparative capability was verified by the multigram‐scale synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant key intermediate. The present flow protocol demonstrates the safe, sustainable, and scalable application of persulfuric acid in a manner that would not be amenable to conventional batch processing.

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Safe Piranhas: A Review of Methods and Protocols

Cited by 20 publications

References 37 publications

Plasmon‐Enhanced Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis for Cholangiocarcinoma Diagnosis

Plasmon‐Enhanced Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis for Cholangiocarcinoma Diagnosis

Efficient Desorption and Capture of Reactive Carbocations from Positively Charged Glass Surface Bombarded with High-Speed Water Microdroplets

Harnessing a Continuous‐Flow Persulfuric Acid Generator for Direct Oxidative Aldehyde Esterifications

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