Safe supplies: few infections in UK blood and tissue donors

Reynolds, Claire; Davison, Katy; Brailsford, Susan

doi:10.1111/tme.12576

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Surveillance data are collected by NHSBT/PHE Epidemiology Unit for donations tested by the four UK blood services [11]. Data include donations tested by donor type (first‐time and repeat) and details of those with confirmed markers of infection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood donation by men who have sex with men: using evidence to change policy

et al. 2021

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Background In 2011 in the United Kingdom (UK), excluding Northern Ireland, the deferral of men who have sex with men (MSM) changed from lifetime to 12 months. We describe MSM who donated before and after this to inform further policy reviews. Materials and Methods Characteristics and sexual behaviours of donors identifying as male from routine surveillance are described. Rates of infections are compared pre‐ and post‐implementation of a 12‐month deferral. Donors are compared with screen negative male donors responding to a large‐scale survey during 2013/2014. Results Comparing the five years pre‐ and post‐change, the rate of confirmed positives for markers of HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis decreased by 6·9% from 14·1 to 13·1/100 000 donations. The rate of recent infections was unchanged (1·72/100 000). Of 22 776 survey responses identifying as male, MSM disclosed sex between men over 12 months ago giving 99·35% compliance among male donors. Two‐thirds of the 72 non‐compliant MSM reported one to two partners and one‐third had no new partners within 12 months. The most commonly reported reason for non‐compliance from MSM both positive and negative for infection was ‘not important to declare’ (37·2% and 40·7%). Test seeking was rare (9·3% and 2·1%). Conclusion Compliance with the 12‐month MSM deferral policy was very high. The very low rates of infections post‐change demonstrated the effectiveness of the policy. These data were an important part of the 2017 review of all sexual behaviour deferrals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood donation by men who have sex with men: using evidence to change policy

et al. 2021

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“…Research shows that many countries have enacted the law of delaying blood donation to assess MSM, so as to determine the time limit for delaying blood donation [57][58][59]. Since 1998, China has enacted a new blood donation law that prohibits MSM people from donating blood, so it is impossible to predict how the delayed policy will work in China.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

The genotype distribution, infection stage and drug resistance mutation profile of human immunodeficiency virus-1 among the infected blood donors from five Chinese blood centers, 2014–2017

et al. 2020

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Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) exhibits high diversity and complexity in China, challenging the disease surveillance and antiretroviral therapy. Between July 1, 2014 and January 30, 2017, we investigated the profiles of HIV-1 infection stages, genotype distribution and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) using plasma samples from HIV Western blot (WB) confirmed blood donors from five Chinese blood centers (Chongqing, Guangxi, Luoyang, Mianyang, and Urumqi). HIV pol regions consisted of whole protease and partial reverse transcriptase were genotyped and analyzed for DRMs. Lag-Avidity testing was performed to identify the infection stages. Of the 356 HIV-1 WB positive samples tested by Lag-avidity assay, 19.1% (68/356) were recent infections. Genotyping on 356 amplified sequences presented the subtype distributions as following: CRF07_BC (65.7%), CRF08_BC (7.3%), CRF01_AE (19.1%), B (4.2%), CRF55_01B (3.1%), CRF59_01B (0.3%) and CRF68_01B (0.3%). No significant difference in genotype distribution was observed between recent and long-term infections. 48 DRMs were identified from 43 samples, indicating a drug resistance prevalence of 12.1% (43/356), which include seven protease inhibitors (PIs) accessory DRMs (Q58E, L23I and I84M), two PIs major DRMs (M46I, M46L), seven nucleoside RT inhibitors DRMs (D67N, K70Q, K219R and M184L), and 32 non-nucleoside RT inhibitors DRMs (K103N, V179E, K238N, V179D, E138G, G190E, A98G, Y188D and E138A). In addition, we had also identified CRFs from the 01B subtype including CRF55_01B (3.1%), CRF59_01B (0.3%) and CRF68_01B (0.3%). As an important part of the continuous monitoring of HIV-1 circulating strains among blood donors, our findings were expected to contribute to the comprehensive AIDS control and development of proper diagnostics for HIV-1 in China.

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“…In high endemicity areas such as Sub‐Saharan Africa, South East Asia, China, and the Amazon Basin, up to 50% of the population have evidence of past HBV infection and over 8% have evidence of chronic HBV infection (defined by detection of HBV surface antigen, HBsAg) 3,5 . Although the UK is classed as a low endemicity country (HBsAg prevalence <2%), HBV is one of the most frequently detected infections in blood donors in England 6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B infections among blood donors in England between 2009 and 2018: Is an occult hepatitis B infection a risk for blood safety?

et al. 2021

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Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most frequent infections identified in blood donors in England and represents an ongoing blood safety risk. We have analyzed markers of HBV infections in blood donors in England between 2009 and 2018 and used these to estimate the likelihood of non‐detection of occult HBV infection (OBI). Methods We collected epidemiological, virological, and genotyping information on HBV cases identified in England, 2009–2018. The estimated risk of non‐detection and likely transmission of OBI were compared to lookback and transfusion‐transmitted infections surveillance data. Results Six‐hundered and fifty‐five HBV‐infected blood donors were identified in England during the 10‐year period; 598 chronic, 32 acute, and 25 occult HBV infections. However, most donors with chronic and occult infections were born in Eastern Europe, Africa, or Asia (451/544, 83% and 14/24, 58%); acute infections were largely seen in UK‐born donors (19/28, 68%). Genotyping of 266 HBV‐positive samples revealed five genotypes (A–E), reflecting ethnicity and country of birth. Most OBIs were identified in repeat donors (19/25); lookback data identified a transmission rate of 8.3%. It is estimated that at least 13 potentially infectious donations from donors with OBI remain undetected annually, equating to an overall residual transmission risk of 3.1 per million donations using our current screening strategy of HBsAg screening with HBV nucleic acid testing (NAT) in pools of 24. Conclusions OBI accounted for the majority of the HBV residual risk in England. Further cost–benefit analysis is required to estimate if our current HBV screening strategy should be changed.

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Safe supplies: few infections in UK blood and tissue donors

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Blood donation by men who have sex with men: using evidence to change policy

Blood donation by men who have sex with men: using evidence to change policy

The genotype distribution, infection stage and drug resistance mutation profile of human immunodeficiency virus-1 among the infected blood donors from five Chinese blood centers, 2014–2017

Hepatitis B infections among blood donors in England between 2009 and 2018: Is an occult hepatitis B infection a risk for blood safety?

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