Safe traveling in public transport amid COVID-19

Ku, Donggyun; Yeon, Chihyung; Lee, Seungjae; Lee, Kyuhong; Hwang, Kiyeon; Li, Yuen Chong; Wong, S. C.

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg3691

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Favoring natural ventilation (opening windows), the HVAC system, and the use of masks have been shown to significantly reduce the risk of transmission [ 30 , 79 , 84 , 89 , 90 ]. Masks reduce the bioaerosols emission variably, depending on the type of mask and the aerodynamics of the scattered particles [ 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Control of Metabolic CO2 in Public Transport as a Strategy to Reduce the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases

Baselga

Alba

Schuhmacher

2022

IJERPH

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The global acceptance of the SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission led to prevention measures based on quality control and air renewal. Among them, carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement has positioned itself as a cost-efficiency, reliable, and straightforward method to assess indoor air renewal indirectly. Through the control of CO2, it is possible to implement and validate the effectiveness of prevention measures to reduce the risk of contagion of respiratory diseases by aerosols. Thanks to the method scalability, CO2 measurement has become the gold standard for diagnosing air quality in shared spaces. Even though collective transport is considered one of the environments with the highest rate of COVID-19 propagation, little research has been done where the air inside vehicles is analyzed. This work explores the generation and accumulation of metabolic CO2 in a tramway (Zaragoza, Spain) operation. Importantly, we propose to use the indicator ppm/person as a basis for comparing environments under different conditions. Our study concludes with an experimental evaluation of the benefit of modifying some parameters of the Heating–Ventilation–Air conditioning (HVAC) system. The study of the particle retention efficiency of the implemented filters shows a poor air cleaning performance that, at present, can be counteracted by opening windows. Seeking a post-pandemic scenario, it will be crucial to seek strategies to improve air quality in public transport to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Control of Metabolic CO2 in Public Transport as a Strategy to Reduce the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases

Baselga

Alba

Schuhmacher

2022

IJERPH

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“…In addition, for individuals living in communities with poor social distancing, wearing face masks could reduce the risk of COVID-19 by 63% compared with people not wearing face masks. Ku et al (2021) analyzed the impacts of mandatorily wearing masks and practicing social distancing in public transit during the COVID-19 outbreaks in South Korea. First, to examine the effectiveness of wearing masks, a cough aerosol simulator was used to measure the formation of cough aerosols and their blockage by a mask.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method for assessing the COVID-19 infection risk of riding public transit

Zhao¹,

Qi²,

M.Wali³

2023

International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology

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“…There are some studies exploring the epidemic spreading in different scenarios with a moving crowd [2,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. For example, Moritz et al [13] conducted an experimental indoor mass gathering event under three different hygiene practices (i.e., no restrictions, moderate restrictions, and strong restrictions), and measured the contacts of each person during the event with contact tracing devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, based on the data, they simulated the exposure of individuals and evaluated the contributions of several preventive and control measures. The study by Ku et al [14] focused on the resulting burden of COVID-19 in public transport. Specifically, they used the smart card data and real data on infected individuals to estimate the familiar stranger group, which was a specific public transportation user-frequently encounters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Obstacle Factors on the Transmission Trends of Respiratory Infectious Diseases in Indoor Public Places

Cui¹,

Cai²,

Xiao³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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<p> Public facilities are important transmission places for respiratory infectious diseases (e.g., COVID-19), due to the frequent crowd interactions inside. Usually, changes of obstacle factors can affect the movements of human crowds and result in different epidemic transmission among individuals. Most related studies only focus on the specific scenarios, but the common rules are usually ignored for the impacts of obstacles’ spatial elements on the epidemic transmission. To tackle these problems, this study aims to evaluate the impacts of three spatial factors of obstacles (i.e., size, quantity, and placement) on infection spreading trends in two-dimension, which can provide scientific and concise spatial design guidelines for indoor public places. Firstly, we used the obstacle area proportion as the indicator of the size factor, gave the mathematical expression of the quantity factor, and proposed the walkable-space distribution indicator to represent the placement factor. Secondly, two epidemic spreading indicators (i.e., daily new cases and people’s average exposure risk) were estimated based on the fundamental model named exposure risk with the virion-laden droplets, which forecasted the disease spreading between individuals accurately. Thirdly, 120 indoor scenarios were built and simulated, based on which the value of independent and dependent variables can be measured. Besides, the Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were employed to examine the relations between obstacle factors and epidemic transmissions. Finally, several design guidelines were provided for policymakers to mitigate the disease spreading: minimizing the size of obstacles; increasing the obstacle quantity and adopting the uniform obstacle placement by lifting the smallest size of the walkable convex space. </p>

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Safe traveling in public transport amid COVID-19

Abstract: Safe travel in public transport amid COVID requires wearing a mask properly, showing effects similar to 2-m social distancing.

Cited by 39 publications

References 30 publications

The Control of Metabolic CO2 in Public Transport as a Strategy to Reduce the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases

The Control of Metabolic CO2 in Public Transport as a Strategy to Reduce the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases

A method for assessing the COVID-19 infection risk of riding public transit

Influences of Obstacle Factors on the Transmission Trends of Respiratory Infectious Diseases in Indoor Public Places

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