Safe Urban Form: Revisiting the Relationship Between Community Design and Traffic Safety

Dumbaugh, Eric; Rae, Robert

doi:10.1080/01944360902950349

Cited by 213 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In fact, 4-way intersections have a higher number of conflict points and a greater likelihood of crashes and injuries than 3-way T-intersections. 3,10,11,14 One of the solutions to reduce pedestrian exposure to traffic is to eliminate traffic lanes, for example on four-lane urban roadways. 11 In Toronto, it has been proposed to substitute some traffic lane(s) with wide sidewalks and/or new dedicated bike and bus lanes for selected arterial roads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent area-level studies have reported that traffic volume and urban arterial roads are independently associated with a greater incidence of road injuries within neighbourhoods. 3,8,9 In Montréal, the presence of arterial roads at intersections significantly increases the number of injured pedestrians, cyclists and motor-vehicle occupants, even when other intersection characteristics are taken into account. 10 By definition, an urban arterial road has more traffic lanes and is consequently wider, has higher average vehicle speeds and longer emergency stopping distances.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Major urban road characteristics and injured pedestrians: A representative survey of intersections in Montréal, Quebec

Martineau

Archambault

Cloutier

et al. 2015

Can J Public Health

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OBJECTIVES:In urban settings, pedestrian fatalities and injuries are concentrated on major roads. This study aims to describe urban intersections with major roads (arterials and collector roads) and explore the association between intersection characteristics and injured pedestrians. METHODS:From a stratified random sampling in Montréal, Quebec, 512 intersections were selected and their characteristics collected. The number of injured pedestrians from 1999 to 2008 was obtained from ambulance services. Binomial negative regression models (including IRR: incidence rate ratios) were calculated to determine associations between intersection characteristics and injured pedestrians: i) at all intersections; ii) at intersections with multi-lane roads and iii) at signalized intersections with available vehicle and pedestrian counts. RESULTS:Major intersections had more traffic lanes (3.8 vs. 1.7, p < 0.01) and longer pedestrian crossings (18.8 m vs. 12.7 m, p < 0.01) than minor intersections. Bus stops were also more frequent at these intersections (75% vs. 6%, p < 0.01). Overall, each additional traffic lane was associated with a 75% increase in the number of injured pedestrians (IRR = 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41-2.18). At intersections with multi-lane roads, a fourth branch (IRR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.53-3.77), vehicles parked within 5 m of the intersection (IRR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.64-3.51), and marked crosswalks (IRR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.08-2.95) significantly increased the number of injured pedestrians. Raised medians had no significant protective effect. CONCLUSIONS:The results show that besides traffic and pedestrian volumes, intersection characteristics contribute to pedestrian injuries. The reduction of traffic lanes, parking prohibition near intersections and implementation of appropriate pedestrian refuge areas would improve pedestrian safety.KEY WORDS: Injuries; pedestrian; major roads; intersections; urban health La traduction du résumé se trouve à la fin de l'article.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Major urban road characteristics and injured pedestrians: A representative survey of intersections in Montréal, Quebec

Martineau

Archambault

Cloutier

et al. 2015

Can J Public Health

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“…Another set of studies have examined the role of specific hazardous environments including waste disposal sites and landfills [96,97] and powerlines [98,99]. The relationship of built environment design with road traffic fatalities and injuries forms another active domain of investigation [100][101][102].…”

Section: In Pursuit Of Better Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Healthy Cities of Tomorrow: the Case for Large Scale Built Environment–Health Studies

Sarkar

Webster

2017

J Urban Health

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“…Kim and Yamashita (2002), examining data from Hawaii, find that higher population densities are associated with lower crash rates. Dumbaugh and Rae (2009), using data from San Antonio, find that neighborhoods with traditional design features (higher densities, pedestrian-oriented retail uses, interconnected streets) have fewer serious crashes than suburban neighborhoods. Marshall and Garrick (2011), using data from 24 California cities, conclude that denser street networks with higher intersection counts per area are associated with fewer crashes across all severity levels.…”

Section: Traffic Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transportation Energy Futures Series: Effects of the Built Environment on Transportation: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Other Factors

Porter¹,

Brown²,

Dunphy³

et al. 2013

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This is one of a series of reports produced as a result of the Transportation Energy Futures (TEF) project, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored multi-agency project initiated to identify underexplored strategies for abating greenhouse gases and reducing petroleum dependence related to transportation. The project was designed to consolidate existing transportation energy knowledge, advance analytic capacity-building, and uncover opportunities for sound strategic action.Transportation currently accounts for 71% of total U.S. petroleum use and 33% of the nation's total carbon emissions. The TEF project explores how combining multiple strategies could reduce GHG emissions and petroleum use by 80%. Researchers examined four key areas -lightduty vehicles, non-light-duty vehicles, fuels, and transportation demand -in the context of the marketplace, consumer behavior, industry capabilities, technology and the energy and transportation infrastructure. The TEF reports support DOE long-term planning. The reports provide analysis to inform decisions about transportation energy research investments, as well as the role of advanced transportation energy technologies and systems in the development of new physical, strategic, and policy alternatives.In addition to the DOE and its Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, TEF benefitted from the collaboration of experts from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory, along with steering committee members from the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Transportation, academic institutions and industry associations. More detail on the project, as well as the full series of reports, can be found at http://www.eere.energy.gov/analysis/transportationenergyfutures. ...................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. 69 References ......................................................................................................................... Contract LIST OF TABLES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Designing the Built Environment to Reduce Energy Use and EmissionsUrban form has evolved in response to a variety of demographic, social, economic, technological, and policy drivers. While direct authority over land use resides primarily at the local level, the federal government's transportation and housing policies have indirectly influenced the built environment. These policies accelerated mid-and late-20 th century trends of decentralization and declines in population density that were driven by increasing automotive mobility and the post-World War II baby boom. Suburbanization now shows some signs of slowing or reversing in response to demographic, economic, and cultural changes, renewing interest in smaller homes in urban settings. Local governments are increasingly impl...

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Safe Urban Form: Revisiting the Relationship Between Community Design and Traffic Safety

Cited by 213 publications

References 22 publications

Major urban road characteristics and injured pedestrians: A representative survey of intersections in Montréal, Quebec

Major urban road characteristics and injured pedestrians: A representative survey of intersections in Montréal, Quebec

Healthy Cities of Tomorrow: the Case for Large Scale Built Environment–Health Studies

Transportation Energy Futures Series: Effects of the Built Environment on Transportation: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Other Factors

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