Safely Managed Sanitation in High-Density Rural Areas

Understanding on-site sanitation in rural Fiji: where definitions of sanitation back-ends differ

“…Lack of sanitation awareness and health and environmental risk perception for unsafe faecal sludge management practices are common in developing countries. [55][56][57] Findings from this study showed user risk perception of sanitation practices can be a risk factor in achieving safe sanitation practices. Therefore, in addition to sanitation infrastructure interventions, there is a need for educational interventions for rural communities with clearly defined examples and explanations of adequate sanitation infrastructure and safe faecal sludge management.…”

“…17 The key to safely managed sanitation is to classify the sanitation system in terms of containment that restrict untreated faecal sludge exposure to reduce the risks to human and environmental health. 18 According to 2020 SDG data, globally 3.6 billion people did not have access to safely managed sanitation. 19 Although globally there has been an overall increase in the reporting of safely managed sanitation from 47% (2015) to 54% (2020), regions like Pacific faced major sanitation challenges in accessing adequate sanitation.…”

The contested nature of wastewater reuse in agriculture: insights from Egypt and Jordan

“…As a result, discharge is typically dumped into the nearest drain. This practice is sustained by a lack of law enforcement by local authorities (Verhagen and Scott, 2019).…”

“…Residents tend to limit the use of bayaras to blackwater, that is, wastewater from toilets, and sometimes liquid manure, while throwing away greywater, such as water from dishwashing and laundry, into streets or directly into canals and drains. The relatively low operational costs of informal sewers, alongside the subsidized water tariffs, encourage residents to discharge large quantities of greywater, which then dilutes wastewater concentrations (Reymond et al, 2014;Verhagen and Scott, 2019).…”